为什么民营企业比官营企业好？

（马克思的那个年代，有很多知识分子想通过“社会主义”来改变自己的国家，改变社会，在全球各地都是，在中国，最著名的是鲁迅。可以说包括马克思在内的他们有善良、正义的想法，为了社会利益放在个人利益之上，他们的人品是比很多人高的这点值得点赞。

但是方法有对、错之分，马克思的许多观点是错的，否则也不会实践了这么多年，现在全球近两百个国家当中，只剩下北朝鲜一个国家是实行马克思所要求的官营经济，其它国家都是变成了民营经济为主的经济发展模式。而且现在北朝鲜都准备经济改革，发展民营经济了。

本系列文章会分析清楚马克思的观点错误，和没有按照他要求的观点，经济改革后的中国、越南、老挝为什么经济好了起来。）

（马克思主张企业全是国营的，企业需要活生生的人去运营，国营实际上就是官营，本文详细解释为什么民营企业好过官营企业，为什么现在全球近两百个国家只剩北朝鲜喜欢国营，而且最近北朝鲜都宣称要经济改革了）

国营（集体营）和公营（集团营）是由一个个的“私”（个人）组成的，就像森林都是一颗颗树组成，所以个人是必不可少的元素，所以即使是全民所有的公营，总会涉及每一个人的人性、能力和见识。

国营和公营实际上就是官营，官员运营，因为企业需要人去运营，而这些人在国营和公营的情况下就是官员，在民营企业里面他们就是雇主。

私营企业也叫民营企业，这个“民”，不是人民、全民、国民或公民，而是平民（没有官职的人，非官员）。

中国前人说：

两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻。[1]

为什么民营企业好于公营企业？

都是公营企业的经济会缺乏良性竞赛

公营和民营企业里面，雇主和雇员都有生产劳动，如果这里面两方的人的工资不能由雇主定，这就需要一个比雇主定得能更好的人。

如果雇主不获得股东分红，那么建立企业的原始资金就没有投资人会出，如果由全民出，而企业实际上就只有一家了，从出生就形成所谓的垄断企业，因为多个企业互相博弈拉低价格，就意味着利润减少，股东都是同一群股东不会让利润减少，一家企业参生不了博弈，不容易优升劣降产生出更好产品。

这里面公营企业要达到优升劣降，就肯定得多个人在做产品，产品之间进行博弈，而多个人谁做得好，需要一个评价体系，多数人想做资金不足只能少数人做要有一个选拔体系，而且这些体系要比目前的“民营”系统收益大才有价值。

《滴滴出行上半年净亏损超过40亿元!》[2]

除了铁路，没有哪个公营企业的管理者敢这样亏钱办企业。

民营企业为什么在开放比赛的领域，成绩好于公营企业？

加拿大航空是公营的，注册加拿大的航空公司必须70%的控股权归加拿大公民所有，因而难以有新加入的竞争者，因为加入意味着70%的利润归加拿大公民，结果保护主义严重，票价高企，加拿大航空公司被常常环游全球的高晓松亲身感受评为最差的航空公司。[3]

公营企业就是全体公民是股东，全体公民（股东）为了提高效率，选举出企业管理负责人投入资源进行生产活动，但是这个选举方式的原点选举人是全体公民，就没有民营企业的原点专业了，所以选出来的人和日后每一段时间需要回收和投入多少资源，理论上都没有民营企业的选择好。

民营企业的投资人可以是专业的风险投资基金，基金盈亏自负，牵连着人类的求生本能，所以基金的投资保持着警惕性，像如果几家人公用一个电表，用电的节省度就没有一家一个电表那么节省。风险投资基金可以承受自己投资的大部分企业倒闭（据说是九成），只要有少数成功就能盈利，所以也敢投资一些看起来“奇怪”“不可思议”但有可能成功的企业，如果是公营企业，全体公民能不能承受这种倒闭程度和投资“奇怪”“不可思议”的企业是个疑问，微软创始人比尔盖茨当年希望与当时的巨头IBM与自己合作建立Windows，但被拒绝不得不自行运营新公司微软与巨头IBM进行博弈。乔布斯在自己苹果曾经运营不好被扫地出门，在公营企业里面机会少，可能他就没机会重回苹果掌舵者的职位了。有时候市场需求连创业者自己也不知道，我知道有个斗鱼的主播就是靠试，试了很多种直播内容，才定格在我看到他的时候做的直播内容，是他说我才知道的，这个在公营制里面机会少，难以实现。这些里面都可以归有优升劣降在左右。

优升劣降的效果好的证据是现在市场上的产品，只要是公营和民营有同场博弈的，都是民营的产品做得好而公营的被博弈到不见踪影（如移动出过的飞信），像公营的国家如前苏联、古巴和北朝鲜出品的商品，除了无需多少加工度的如煤炭和雪茄这样的特殊资源，我们没看到能屹立具有国际竞争力（优越度）的产品。

可能有人会说中国的高铁，中国的高铁有多个因素：

1. 由于欧美国家的多数公民制弊端，导致相关国家的工业搬到中国，中国是全球第一规模的工业基地，高铁与工业有关。多数公民制的弊端也导致其员工工作要求福利高降低了企业的实力。
2. 多数公民制的弊端导致中国建铁路的拆迁难度比多数公民制国家小得多，高铁有大量的实践机会提高自身的优秀度。美国出行主要靠汽车和飞机。
3. 中国也会用外国的铁路产品，像西藏就长期买的是美国的火车头。最近跟日本高铁合作建更高速的高铁。
4. 中国并不是整个国家都是公营企业，大部分是民营企业，高铁可采购民营企业包括国外的民营企业的设备和零件。
5. 没有对比，中国没有同等的不是多数公民制定企业，与现有的公司比赛做对比哪家好。

雇员在市场经济比都是公营经济好发展的原因

在民营企业里面雇员对于自己的工资、职业和职位，自己能控制的多少和高低，都比在都是公营企业的模式里面要强，因为物以稀为贵，一个行业里面公营企业无法像民营企业那样的多和容易倒闭，所以数量少或只有一家，雇员的数量不变而企业只有少数，就造成了雇员选择性小谈判能力低。?

民营企业在市场即使博弈到在行业里面只有少数或一家时，依然保持着警惕性升级产品对付潜在的竞争者[4]，没那么容易压低员工的待遇使得雇员离职建立新的公营企业造成一个新的博弈对手，而只有一家公营企业时，雇员除非换职业，否则无法离开原来的从属关系，只能按一个系统里的上级的想法范围内进行劳动。

中国官方有过统计，大学生创业三年有九成五左右是失败的，而在商业制度发达的美国也有七成左右是失败的，这种失败率和后续的淘汰率也不是公营企业能承受或产生的。

论公营企业的经营和民营企业的“垄断”

美国也有“公营”企业，公营企业在一些行业里面如果是必须的（先用民营企业去试），可以多向民营企业学习，在雇员属性上，尽量少的公务员或没有公务员，让管理团队能放开手脚，政府只定期定管理团队，及研究一些指标（如评价体系）来评定管理团队是否经营得优秀。

对于一个行业里面的大企业，该限制的是不合理的博弈行为，而不是限制形成寡头，比如苹果曾经不允许竞争对手如谷歌地图和讯飞语音上架，手机厂家的预装软件不能删除，这些都违反优升劣降和总体利益最大化原则。

实践是检验真理的标准

中国东汉伟大的哲学家王允说：

事莫明于有效，论莫定于有证。[5]

中国古代有井田制，井田制是一块庄稼地，中间是公田，四周是农民的田，农民要同养公田，[6][7]收入各归其有。[8]

夏朝就有实行井田制[9]，商、周时也实行，[10]春秋时井田制没落[11][7]，被废除。[12][13]

西方也有类似的田地供养制度，英国工业革命时，几块地轮流留出做“休养生息”养羊，中间的地是雇佣农民的。（参考“圈地运动”）

中国古代很早就有公营替代民营经商，据说商周时期就有君主使用过失败，后朝时又有：

盐铁之议

汉武帝时推行了以桑弘羊等人制定的盐、铁等用品官营、酒类专卖及均输、平准、统一铸币等一系列重大财经政策。加上与匈奴作战，经济大倒退。

西汉汉昭帝时，权臣霍光组织来自民间的60多个儒生与朝廷包括桑弘羊在内的官员进行辩论，儒生们支持民营，[14]后人写成著名的《盐铁论》。会议结束后，取消了酒类公营专卖和部分地区的铁器公营专卖。[15]

王莽改制

西汉的王莽篡位建立新朝，即重蹈覆辙，把盐、铁、酒、铸钱、五均赊贷及山林川泽（包括农田）收入公营。[16]又对五均——丝、绵、布、帛、五谷等日常用品进行的价格管制。[17]

结果民军遍地而起，王莽亡。[18][19]

史学家吕思勉批评其：

莽之病，在于偏重立法，而不计法所以行。[20]

史学家钱穆批评其：

王莽的政治......不达政情。[21]

青苗法

宋神宗时期王安石变法中有青苗法，是其招牌之一，公方替代原来民间的农业借贷，结果农民的负担更重，[22][23]许多大臣反对，经过反复后，以完全被废止告终。

洛杉矶奥运会

1984年美国洛杉矶奥运会之前一届的奥运会承办城市破产，使得许多国家不想承办奥运会，洛杉矶成为唯一竞选承办的城市，但竞选成功后洛杉矶所在的加利福尼亚州就通过了法律不准动用公共资金举办奥运会，美国联邦政府也表示不给予洛杉矶奥运会任何经济援助。洛杉矶史无前例的交给民营运营[24]，通过改良方法，奥运会开幕前奥组委筹集到八亿美元的资金，负担各项赛事和活动绰绰有余。美国《时代周刊》评论说：“比赛还没有开始，第一枚金牌就已经诞生，尤伯罗斯（组委会主席）当之无愧。”，结果史无前例地实现奥运会盈利，其盈利2.5亿美元[25]的数据至今未被超越。奥林匹克勋章是国际奥林匹克委员会向为奥林匹克运动做出突出贡献的人颁发的最高荣誉奖励，[26]尤伯罗思因此获颁奥林匹克勋章中的最高级别——金质勋章。

《时代周刊》上的尤伯罗斯

其它

美国大萧条时，总统胡佛和罗斯福规定商品价格，不允许雇主开除雇员，规定最低工资。罗斯福还想把十万美元以上是税收定为99.8%，反而使得大萧条更久。[27]

美国有民营的监狱[28]，民营的建造费用、建造时间、运营成本、犯人自杀率、犯人释放后重新犯罪率的数据都好于公营监狱。[28]

中国也有民营的消防队。[29]

日本文化也不喜欢更迭，导致企业缺乏新陈代谢，经济长期停滞不前。[30]

非盈利民营机构，是股东不分红，也就是股东只投钱，不赚钱。在学校里，他们是美国排名最优秀的大学——哈佛、耶鲁、普林斯顿、哥伦比亚、斯坦福；医院是美国顶级的霍普金斯医院、梅奥诊所、长老会医院。台湾也有著名企业家王永庆创建的长庚医院。[31]

正如邓说：

社会主义也可以搞市场经济。[32]

发展才是硬道理。[33]

毛泽东也说：

真理只有一个，而究竟谁发现了真理，不依靠主观的夸张，而依靠客观的实践。只有千百万人民的革命实践，才是检验真理的尺度。[34]

社会实践是检验真理的唯一标准。[34]

马克思也说：

人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。[34]

实践到现代，全球近两百个国家，包括中国在内，除了朝鲜，都不喜欢用公营替代民营经商了，朝鲜也宣布要改变开放了。

相关阅读：
认知圣经《优升劣降理论》，2018年。
柴知道《为什么人们都喜欢在游泳池里尿尿？》，B站，2018年9月7日。

来源及释义：

---

1. 章太炎《答某书》。
   约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒，译 严复《群己权界论》/首篇。 ↩
2. 中金在线财米视频《滴滴出行仍在烧钱: 上半年净亏损超过40亿元! 》，优酷视频。 ↩
3. 高晓松《扒一扒加拿大:白宫陷落》，晓松奇谈/2016年9月16日 期/37:49。 ↩
4. 罗振宇《我们应该反垄断吗？》，罗辑思维/第205集。 ↩
5. 王充《论衡》，艺术中国网，1947年/第378页。 ↩
6. 春秋·《谷梁传》/宣公十五年：
   古者三百步为里，名曰井田。井田者，九百亩，公田居一。
   范宁注：出除公田八十亩，余八百二十亩，故井田之法，八家共一井，八百亩。余二十亩，家各二亩半，为庐舍。 ↩
7. 《汉语大词典》/第337页/井田。 ↩ ↩
8. 《诗小雅》/大田：雨我公田，遂及我私。 ↩
9. 《左传》/哀公元年 载少康逃奔有虞，“有田一成，有众一旅”。
   杜佑《通典》/卷3：
   昔黄帝始经土设井，以塞争端；立步制亩，以防不足。使八家为井，井开四道，而分八宅，凿井于中。……夫始分之于井则地著，计之于州则数详。迄乎夏殷，不易其制。 ↩
10. 《周礼》/地官·小司徒：
    乃经土地而井牧其田野，九夫为井，四井为邑，四邑为丘，四丘为甸，四甸为县，四县为都，以任地事而令贡赋，凡税敛之事。 ↩
11. 《公羊传》何休 注：民不肯尽力于公田。 ↩
12. 《通典》：
    鞅以三晋地狭人贫，地广人寡，故草不尽垦，地利不尽……出故废井田，制阡陌，任其所耕，不限多少。 ↩
13. 严复《论中国教化之退》：秦并天下，更古制，更井田而为阡陌。 ↩
14. 历史老撕《官府要不要干预经济？》，我靠汉朝/第一季，优酷视频。 ↩
15. 晋文《桑弘羊评传》，南京大学出版社，2010年。 ↩
16. 《汉书》/卷九十九中·王莽传 中。 ↩
17. 张寿仁，《狡诈权臣：王莽》，INK印刻文学生活杂志出版，2009年2月/103页。 ↩
18. 《汉书》：
    商人杜吴杀莽，取其绶。校尉东海公宾就，故大行治礼，见吴问：“绶主所在？”曰：“室中西北陬间。”就识，斩莽首。军人分裂莽身，支节肌骨脔分，争相杀者数十人。公宾就持莽首诣王宪。宪自称汉大将军，城中兵数十万皆属焉。 ↩
19. 《汉书》：
    传莽首诣更始，悬宛市，百姓共提击之，或切食其舌。 ↩
20. 吕思勉《秦汉史（上）》，上海古籍出版社，1983年/第211页。 ↩
21. 钱穆《国史大纲》。 ↩
22. 《司马光奏议》/卷29/奏为乞不将米折青苗钱状：
    窃惟朝廷从初散青苗钱之意，本以兼并之家放债取利，侵渔细民，故设此法，抑其豪夺，官借贷，薄收其利。今以一斗陈米散与饥民，却令纳小麦一斗八升七合五勺，或纳粟三斗，所取利约近一倍。向去物价转贵，则取利转多，虽兼并之家，乘此饥馑取民利息，亦不至如此之重。 ↩
23. 《宋史》/卷74/七年二月：
    韩维：近日畿内诸县，督索青苗钱甚急，往往鞭挞取足，至伐桑为薪以易钱货者。旱灾之际，重罹此苦。 ↩
24. 任海《奥林匹克百科全书》，中国大百科全书出版社，第2版。 ↩
25. 刘洋《尤伯罗斯拯救"奥运危机" 1984年，出现盈利拐点》，中新奥运网 转 北京商报，2008年1月29日。 ↩
26. 《奥林匹克勋章》，中国网。 ↩
27. 罗振宇《他真的拯救了美国？》，罗辑思维/83期。 ↩
28. The Sentencing Project,"Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration"(2004) ↩ ↩
29. 罗振宇《市场的广度》，罗辑思维/87期/21:30、27:00。 ↩
30. 罗振宇《大门口的野蛮人》，罗辑思维/110期。 ↩
31. 罗振宇《重新理解市场》，罗辑思维/188期/6:50。 ↩
32. 《社會主義也可以搞市場經濟》人民网 转
    廣安日報，2017年10月11日。邓1979年11月提出。 ↩
33. 《“发展才是硬道理”》人民网 转 广安在线，2017年1月23日。 ↩
34. 《东湖影响世界——毛泽东在东湖梅岭的日子》中国共产党新闻网 转 湖北日报，2013年12月26日。 ↩ ↩ ↩

---

(translation)

Why are private enterprises better than government-owned enterprises?

(Marx advocates that enterprises are all state-run, and enterprises need alive people to operate. State-run enterprises are actually government-run ones. This article explains in detail why private enterprises are better than government-run ones. And recently North Korea has declared economic reforms)

State-owned (collective camp) and public (group camp) are composed of individual “private” (individual), just like the forest is composed of trees, so individual is an essential element, so even if it is owned by the whole people The public sector of the company will always involve everyone's humanity, ability and knowledge.

State-run and public-run businesses are actually government-run and official-run, because companies need people to operate, and these people are officials under state-run and public-run operations, and they are employers in private enterprises.

Private enterprises are also called private enterprises. This “civilian” is not a people, the whole people, a national or a citizen, but a civilian (a person without official positions, not an official).

Chinese predecessors said:

Two benefits are more important than others. [^ 63]

Why are private enterprises better than public enterprises?

The economy of public enterprises will lack benign competition

In both public and private enterprises, both employers and employees have productive labor. If the wages of the two parties cannot be set by the employer, a better person than the employer is required.

If the employer does not receive shareholder dividends, no investor will pay out the original capital for the establishment of the enterprise. If it is paid out by the whole people, and there is actually only one enterprise, the so-called monopoly enterprise will be formed from birth, because multiple enterprises play with each other. Low prices mean that profits are reduced. Shareholders are the same group of shareholders and will not reduce profits. A company cannot participate in the game, and it is not easy to produce better products.

For public enterprises to achieve superiority and inferiority, there must be many individuals who are making products and playing games between products. However, many people who do a good job need an evaluation system. Most people want to do insufficient funds and only a few people can do it. There must be a selection system, and these systems are more valuable than the current "private" system.

"[Didi Chuxing's net loss in the first half of the year exceeded 4 billion yuan!] (Http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzgyMDkwMzk4MA==.html?sharekey=252ae032466e937fefb9442f83d53b836)"[^32]

Except for the railway, no manager of a public enterprise dares to lose money to run an enterprise like this.

Why do private enterprises perform better than public enterprises in the field of open competition?

Air Canada is publicly-owned, and registered airlines in Canada must own 70% of the ownership of Canadian citizens, so it is difficult to have new competitors because joining means that 70% of the profits belong to Canadian citizens, resulting in serious protectionism and fares High, Air Canada is rated as the worst airline by Gao Xiaosong, who often travels around the world. [^ 34]

In a public enterprise, all citizens are shareholders. To improve efficiency, all citizens (shareholders) elect the person in charge of enterprise management to invest resources in production activities. However, the origin of this election method is that all citizens have no origin professional in private enterprises. Therefore, in theory, there is no better choice for the selected people and the amount of resources that need to be recovered and invested every time in the future.

Investors in private enterprises can be professional venture capital funds. The fund is self-financed and involves human survival instincts. Therefore, the fund ’s investment remains vigilant. For example, if several families share an electricity meter, there is no one that saves electricity. One meter saves. Venture capital funds can withstand the collapse of most of the companies they invest in (it is said to be 90%). As long as there are a few successes, they can make a profit, so they dare to invest in companies that look "strange" and "incredible" but are likely to succeed. Enterprises, whether all citizens can withstand this level of failure and invest in "strange" and "incredible" companies is a question. Microsoft founder Bill Gates hoped to cooperate with the then giant IBM to establish Windows with himself, but was refused to have to operate on his own. The new company, Microsoft, and the giant IBM have a game. Steve Jobs was swept out of the house when Apple was not operating well, and there were few opportunities in public enterprises. Maybe he did not have the opportunity to return to the position of Apple helm. Sometimes the market demand does not even know the entrepreneur himself. I know that there is a betta fish anchor who is relying on a trial. I tried a lot of live content before I stopped the live content I made when I saw him. As you know, this has few opportunities in the public sector and is difficult to achieve. All of these can be attributed to superiority and inferiority.

The evidence that the effect of superiority and inferiority is good is that the products on the market now, as long as there is a game between the public and the private, all the private products are well done and the public is not seen in the game (such as the flying Fetion ), Commodities produced by public countries such as the former Soviet Union, Cuba and North Korea, except for special resources such as coal and cigars that do not require much processing, we have not seen products that can stand up to international competitiveness (superiority).

Some people may say that China's high-speed rail has many factors:

1. Due to the malpractice of the majority of citizens in European and American countries, the industries of the relevant countries have moved to China. China is the world's largest industrial base, and high-speed rail is related to industry. The disadvantages of most citizenship systems have also led to high employee welfare requirements and reduced the strength of the company.
2. The disadvantages of most citizen systems make the demolition of China's railways much less difficult than most citizen-based countries, and high-speed rail has a lot of practical opportunities to improve its own excellence. Travel in the United States mainly depends on cars and planes.
3. China also uses foreign railway products. For example, Tibet has long bought American locomotives. Recently cooperated with Japan High Speed ​​Rail to build a higher speed high speed rail.
4. Not all countries in China are public enterprises. Most of them are private enterprises. High-speed rail can purchase equipment and parts of private enterprises including foreign private enterprises.
5. There is no comparison. China does not have an equal number of companies that are not established by most citizens. Which one is better compared to existing company competitions.

Employees in the market economy are the reasons for the good development of the public economy

In private enterprises, employees can control their wages, occupations, and positions more and more than they are in public enterprises. Because things are rare, public enterprises cannot be like private enterprises in an industry. That is too much and it is easy to fail, so the number is small or there is only one, the number of employees remains the same and the number of companies is small, which results in a small selection ability of employees and low negotiation ability. ?

Even if there are only a few or one player in the industry in the market, private enterprises still maintain vigilance to upgrade products to deal with potential competitors [^ 31]. It is not so easy to depress employees' treatment and make employees leave to establish new public enterprises. With a new game opponent and only one public company, employees cannot leave the original affiliation unless they change occupations, and they can only work within the scope of the superiors in a system.

According to official statistics from China, about 90% of college students ’failures in three years of entrepreneurship have failed, and about 70% of them have failed in the United States with a developed business system. This failure rate and the subsequent elimination rate are not affordable by public enterprises. produced.

On the operation of public enterprises and the "monopoly" of private enterprises

There are also "public" enterprises in the United States. If public enterprises are necessary in some industries (first try with private enterprises), you can learn more from private enterprises. In terms of employee attributes, there are as few civil servants or no civil servants as possible, so that the management team can Let go, the government only regularly determines the management team, and studies some indicators (such as evaluation system) to assess whether the management team is operating well.

For large enterprises in an industry, the restriction is unreasonable gaming behavior, rather than restricting the formation of oligarchs. For example, Apple once did not allow competitors such as Google Maps and Xunfei Voice to be listed, and the pre-installed software of mobile phone manufacturers cannot be deleted. These are all Violation of the principle of superiority, inferiority, and decline and overall benefit maximization.

Practice is the standard for testing truth

Wang Yun, the great philosopher of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, said:

Things should not be effective but should not be proved. [^ 28]

In ancient China, there was a well field system. The well field system was a crop field, with a public field in the middle and a farmer ’s field all around. Farmers had to raise the public field together, [^ 18] [^ 17] each had their own income. [^ 20]

In the Xia Dynasty, the minefield system was implemented [^ 14], also in Shang and Zhou dynasties, [^ 15] The minefield system declined in the spring and autumn [^ 16] [^ 17], and was abolished. [^ 21] [^ 19]

There is a similar field support system in the West. During the British Industrial Revolution, several plots were alternately set aside for "recuperation" to raise sheep, and the middle plot employed farmers. (Refer to "Enclosure Movement")

In ancient China, there was a public alternative to private business. It is said that during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some monarchs failed to use it.

Salt iron discussion

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented a series of major financial and economic policies such as the official sales of salt, iron and other supplies, monopoly of alcohol, average loss, leveling, and unified coinage formulated by Sang Hongyang and others. Coupled with fighting against the Huns, the economy has turned back.

When Emperor Han Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty, Huo Guang, the minister of power, organized more than 60 Confucian scholars from the private sector to debate with officials of the court, including Sang Hongyang. After the meeting, the public monopoly of liquor and the public monopoly of ironware in some areas were cancelled. [^ 11]
! [] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-65dbfdcfc43cc4b0.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q/50)

王 蛮 改制

In the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the throne to establish a new dynasty, that is, to repeat the same mistakes, and put salt, iron, wine, coin money, Wuyun credit and mountain forests (including farmland) into the public. [^ 4] The price control on Wujun—silk, cotton, cloth, silk, grain and other daily necessities. [^ 5]

As a result, the civilian army rose everywhere, and Wang Mang died. [^ 9] [^ 10]

Historian Lu Simian criticized it:

The disease of recklessness lies in the emphasis on legislation rather than the law. [^ 6]

Historian Qian Mu criticized:

Wang Mang's politics ... not up to politics. [^ 7]

青苗法

In the Song Shenzong period, Wang Anshi ’s reformation included the green seedling method, which was one of its signatures. The public replaced the original non-governmental agricultural borrowing, resulting in a heavier burden for farmers. [^ 1] [^ 2] Many ministers opposed it. Was abolished.

Los Angeles Olympics

Before the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games in the United States, the host city of the Olympic Games went bankrupt, making many countries do not want to host the Olympic Games. Los Angeles became the only city to run the bid. However, after the successful election, the state of California, where Los Angeles passed, passed laws prohibiting the use of public funds to host the Games. The US federal government also said it would not give any financial assistance to the Los Angeles Olympics. The unprecedented handover of Los Angeles to private operations [^ 22], through improved methods, the Olympic Games Organizing Committee raised 800 million US dollars before the opening of the Olympic Games, more than enough to afford various events and activities. The American "Times Weekly" commented: "The first gold medal has been born before the game has started, and Uberus (chairman of the organizing committee) is well-deserved." The result was unprecedentedly profitable for the Olympic Games, with a profit of $ 250 million [^ 23 ] The data has not been surpassed so far. The Olympic Medal is the highest honorary award awarded by the International Olympic Committee to those who have made outstanding contributions to the Olympic Movement. [^ 25] Uberros was awarded the highest medal in the Olympic Medal-the Gold Medal.
! [Uberus in Time Magazine] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-b8ed4a066c756e1e.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q / 50)

other

During the Great Depression in the United States, President Hoover and Roosevelt set commodity prices, did not allow employers to fire employees, and set minimum wages. Roosevelt also wanted to set a tax of more than 100,000 US dollars as 99.8%, which would make the Great Depression longer. [^ 62]

There are private prisons in the United States [^ 12]. The data on private construction costs, construction time, operating costs, prisoner suicide rates, and recidivism rates after prisoners are released are better than public prisons. [^ 12]

China also has private fire brigades. [^ 8]

Japanese culture also does not like change, leading to a lack of metabolism in the enterprise and a long-term economic stagnation. [^ 13]

Non-profit private organizations are shareholders who do not pay dividends, that is, shareholders only invest money and do not make money. In the school, they are the best ranked universities in the United States-Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Stanford; the hospital is the top Hopkins Hospital, Mayo Clinic, Presbyterian Hospital in the United States. Taiwan also has Chang Geng Hospital founded by famous entrepreneur Wang Yongqing. [^ 65]

As Deng said:

Socialism can also engage in a market economy. [^ 26]

Development is the last word. [^ 33]
! [] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-68b67ba7385e8944.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q/50)

Mao Zedong also said:

There is only one truth, and who discovered the truth does not rely on subjective exaggeration, but on objective practice. Only the revolutionary practice of millions of people is the measure of truth. [^ 27]

Social practice is the only criterion for testing truth. [^ 27]

Marx also said:

Whether human thinking is objective and truthful is not a question of theory, but a question of practice. [^ 27]

From practice to modern times, nearly two hundred countries in the world, including China, except North Korea, do not like to use public to replace private business, and North Korea has also announced that it will change and open up.
! [] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-37388002b42f952f.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q/50)

Related Reading:
Cognitive Bible "Theory of Superiority, Inferiority and Decline", 2018.
Chai knew "[Why do people like to pee in the swimming pool?" ] (http://www.bilibili.com/video/av31275895?share_medium=android&share_source=weibo&bbid=05A3A022-6CD6-4863-A15F-9CA1913516F523674infoc&ts=1552550895018) ", Station B, September 7, 2018.

Source and interpretation:
[^ 1]: "Sima Guangyanyi" / Vol. 29 / Zuowei begging not to break rice into green seedlings:
Stealing the imperial court's intention to disperse the young seedlings' money from the beginning, it used the merger house to lend money to profit, invade the fishermen and the fine people, so this method was set up to suppress its arrogance, the government borrowed loans, and thinly collected its profits. Today, with a bucket of Chen Misan and the hungry people, he has nearly doubled the profit of wheat, a bucket of eight liters, seven bins, or five buckets of rice. If the price goes to expensive, then the profits will be turned into more. Although the merger of the family, the interest of the people will not be so important.
[^ 2]: "Song History" / Volume 74 / February 7:
Han Wei: Recently, in the counties of Guizhou, the governors have been in a hurry to get money, and they often lash out and get enough money. When the drought hits, it is suffering again.
[^ 3]: "Hanshu" / Shihuozhi Previous:
﹝ Wang Mang ordered: ﹞ The name was changed to Tian Tian Tian, ​​Wang Tian, ​​and the slaves said that they were private members, and they were not allowed to buy or sell.
[^ 4]: "Hanshu" / Vol. 99 Middle School · Biography of Wang Mang.
[^ 5]: Zhang Shouren, "Cunning Minister: Wang Mang", published by INK Imprint Literary Life Magazine, February 2009/103 pages.
[^ 6]: Lu Simian, History of Qin and Han Dynasties (Part 1), Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983 / p.211.
[^ 7]: Qian Mu's "Outline of National History".
[^ 8]: Luo Zhenyu's "[Market Breadth] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzYzMTIwMTEy.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=778df38dd1b49f54df6338b4518447c51)", Luo Jisi thinking / 87 issue / 21: 30, 27: 00.
[^ 9]: "Hanshu":
Merchant Du Wu killed him and took his stalk. The school official Donghai was a guest of honor, so he went to the ceremony and saw Wu asked: "Where is the satin master?" Said: "In the northwest of the room." The soldiers split and squat, the muscles of the nodules are divided, and dozens of people are fighting to kill. The public guest was recklessly arrogant to Wang Xian. Xian claimed to be a general of Han Dynasty, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers in the city belonged to him.
[^ 10]: "Hanshu":
Chuanmang began to change his head, and the people of Xuanwan city attacked it or cut their tongues.
[^ 11]: Jinwen "Sang Hongyang Biography", Nanjing University Press, 2010.
[^ 12]: The Sentencing Project, "Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration" (2004)
[^ 13]: Luo Zhenyu, "[The Barbarians at the Gate] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTAwMjgwNDQw.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=15dfdee579e5fdc409333ea5feb11e362)", Luo Ji thinking / 110th issue.
[^ 14]: "Zuo Zhuan" / The first year of Ai Zai-kang Zai-kang escapes, "Yi Tian has 10%, and everyone has one journey".
Du You's "Tongdian" / Volume 3:
In the past, the Yellow Emperor set up wells through the earth to settle disputes; he stepped up acres to prevent shortages. Eight wells were made, four wells were opened, and eight houses were divided into wells. ...... Fu Shi was divided into the well and the land was counted. So far Xia Yin is not easy to control.
[^ 15]: "Zhou Li" / Land Officer · Little Stuart:
Shepherd its fields through the land, Jiufu as well, Sijing as eup, Siyi as mound, Siqiu as Dian, Sidian as county, Sixian as capital. Convergence.
[^ 16]: He Xiu, "Legend of the Ram" Note: People refuse to do their best to the public land.
[^ 17]: "Chinese Dictionary" / p. 337 / Ida.
[^ 18]: Spring and Autumn, "Guliang Biography" / Fifteen Years of Xuan Gong:
The ancients took three hundred steps, and they were called Ida. Wellfielders, nine hundred acres, one for public land.
Fan Ning's Note: Except for 80 mu of public land, there are 820 mu, so the method of well field is that there are eight wells in total, 800 mu. The remaining 20 acres, two and a half acres of each family, is a cottage.
[^ 19]: Yan Fu's "On the Retreat of China's Enlightenment": Qin and the world, more ancient system, more well-cultivated.
[^ 20]: "Poetry Xiaoya" / Datian: After raining, I am public, and then I am private.
[^ 21]: "General Code":
Martingale Sanjin has a narrow land, a poor population, and a vast land with a small population, so the grass is not fully cultivated, and the geographical advantages are endless.
[^ 22]: Ren Hai "Olympic Encyclopedia", China Encyclopedia Press, 2nd Edition.
[^ 23]: Liu Yang "[Uberus Rescue the" Olympic Crisis "1984, Profit Turning Point Appeared] (http://2008.cns.com.cn/news/2008/01-29/9159.shtml)", The China-Singapore Olympics Network transferred to Beijing Commercial Daily, January 29, 2008.
[^ 25]: "[Olympic Medal] (http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/djay/771324.htm)", China Net.
[^ 26]: "[Socialism can also engage in market economy] (http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/1011/c69113-29581178.html)" People's Network
Guang'an Daily, October 11, 2017. Deng proposed in November 1979.
[^ 27]: "[East Lake Influences the World-Mao Zedong's Day in Meiling, East Lake] (http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/1226/c85037-23952439.html)" Chinese Communist Party News Network Transfer to Hubei Daily, December 26, 2013.
[^ 28]: Wang Chong's "On Heng", Art China, 1947 / p. 378.
[^ 31]: Luo Zhenyu "[Should we antitrust? ] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNjc1NTQ3OTQ0.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=97bfa6bd86c27e0f2cfaebb31790c2769) ", Luo Ji thinking / episode 205.
[^ 32]: CICC Online Caimi video "[Didi Chuxing is still burning money: net loss in the first half of the year exceeded 4 billion yuan!] (Http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzgyMDkwMzk4MA==.html? sharekey = 252ae032466e937fefb9442f83d53b836) ", Youku video.
[^ 33]: "[" Development is the last word "] (http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0123/c410539-29043799-2.html)" People ’s Network to Guangan Online, 2017 January 23,
[^ 34]: Gao Xiaosong, "[Catch Canada: The White House Falls] (http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rr9jf7no.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=538221800&tvid=type&type=27&type==&&v2==&& = 1 & isrd = 1 & p1 = 2_22_700 & social_platform = link) ”, Xiaosong Qi Tan / September 16, 2016 / [37:49] (https://m.pingshu365.com/pm/406148.html).
[^ 60]: Gao Xiaosong [[Take a Trip to Israel: After Communism is Realized] (http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rrl6f304.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=438895000&tvid=438895000&cid=31&1==889 1 & vip_pc = 2 & vip_tpc = 1 & isrd = 1 & p1 = 2_22_700 & social_platform = link) ", Xiaosong Qi Tan / January 7, 2016 / [28:36] (https://m.pingshu365.com/pm/392546.html).
[^ 61]: "[Snacking Nordic: Andersen and the Vikings] (http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rrmeiufg.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=515090400&tvid=515090400&cid=31&identity=31&identity=31&identity=31&idv = 2 & vip_tpc = 1 & isrd = 1 & p1 = 2_22_700 & social_platform = link) ", Xiao Song Qi Tan / July 29, 2016 / [25:53] (https://m.pingshu365.com/pm/400519.html).
[^ 62]: Luo Zhenyu "[He really saved the United States? ] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzQ4OTQxMDQ4.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=3f7bbfea72740d2297c8a7c9abb75d624) ", Luo Ji thinking / 83.
[^ 63]: Zhang Taiyan's "Answer".
John Stewart Mueller, translated Yan Fu's "On the Self-Boundary of the Group" / first chapter.
[^ 64]: The old history tears "[Government House to intervene in the economy? ] (http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzM4OTEyNTYyMA==.html?sharekey=9429cd6891297a97fb58608d997420a47) ", I rely on the Han Dynasty / first season, Youku video.
[^ 65]: Luo Zhenyu, "[Re-understand the market] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTczMzk5OTAwMA==.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=2f7d14fa8fc9b922189244207c6b52b49)", Luo Ji thinking / 188/6/6: 50.