文字狱

《汉语大词典》定义“文字狱”为：“旧时谓统治者为迫害知识分子，故意从其著作中摘取字句，罗织成罪”[1]

古代的皇帝搞文字狱，不是其智力有问题乱判，而是利用文字狱，即使杀错，也不怕，因为就算是错判，也可以用来警告自己没看到的地方，加强其寡头统治。

更多文字狱的材料可在中文维基百科和百度百科发掘。

孔子

秦始皇用韩非子要除去五种人（见），儒家的人是其一。（《韩非子》/五蠹：其学者，则称先王之道以籍仁义，盛容服而饰辩说，以疑当世之法，而贰人主之心。

……此五者，邦之蠹也。人主不除此五蠹之民，不养耿介之士，则海内虽有破亡之国，削灭之朝，亦勿怪矣。

白话：那些著书立说的人，依托仁义道德来宣扬先王之道，讲究仪容服饰而文饰巧辩言辞，用以扰乱当今的法令，从而动摇君主的决心

……上述这五种人，都是国家的蛀虫。君主如果不除掉这五种像蛀虫一样的人，不广罗刚直不阿的人，那么，天下即使出现破败沦亡的国家，地削名除的朝廷，也不足为怪了。）

秦始皇焚书坑儒，大量书籍被毁，藏这些书的要被定罪。

孟子

被朱元璋赶出孔庙，删去不利于皇权统治的内容。朱棣造反成功后，经过勇士的推荐，被删去的文章才得以恢复。

王阳明

王阳明去世后的遭遇

嘉靖皇帝不满意王阳明和其好友湛若水的学说，王阳明去世后受到斥贬：

仁守仁既卒，桂萼奏其擅离职守。帝大怒，下廷臣议。萼等言：“守仁事不师古，言不称师。欲立异以为高，则非硃熹格物致知之论；知众论之不予，则为硃熹晚年定论之书。号召门徒，互相倡和。才美者乐其任意，庸鄙者借其虚声。传习转讹，背谬弥甚。但讨捕畲贼，擒获叛籓，功有足录，宜免追夺伯爵以章大信，禁邪说以正人心。”帝乃下诏停世袭，恤典俱不行。
……矜其创获，标异儒先，卒为学者讥。……抑流弊实然，固不能以功多为讳矣。

王守仁去世后，桂萼弹劾他擅离职守。明世宗朱厚熜大为恼火，下令朝廷大臣议论。桂萼等人说：“守仁做事不取法先贤，讲学不称道前儒。想要标新立异抬高自己，才批评朱熹格物致知的学说；知道群众的公论不得赞成他，所以掇弄一本关于朱熹晚年定论的书。召引门徒，相互唱和。有才能的人喜欢他的随意，没出息的人借用他的虚名。师传弟习，转生错讹，越来越荒谬。但是守仁讨伐..地的叛乱，活捉造反的宁王，功劳还是值得纪念的，应该免予追夺伯爵，以显示皇朝的信誉，禁止传播邪说，以端正人民的思想。”世宗于是发布诏书，停止了世袭伯爵的特权，后事处理的典礼也不予举行。
……可是他夸耀自己的学术创见，标新立异，不同于先代的大儒，去世后受到了学者的批评。……但守仁学说的流弊是那样实然的，这不能因为他功绩多就为他忌讳不说。

放言自肆，诋毁先儒。号召门徒，虚声附和。用诈任情，坏人心术。近日之士，传习邪说，皆其向导。[^50]

嘉靖十六年（1537年），御史游居敬上疏斥责南京吏部尚书湛若水：

倡其邪学，广收无赖，私创书院。

（要求）戒谕以正人心。

嘉靖皇帝一方面慰留湛若水，一方面则令毁王阳明和湛若水的广建书院。

第二年，吏部尚书许赞以“官学不修，别立书院”“聚生徒，供亿科扰”，耗财扰民为借口，上奏嘉靖。嘉靖“即命内外严加禁约，毁其书院”“申毁天下书院”。

王阳明当时弟子的遭遇

《明史》记载王阳明弟子冀元亨：

冀元亨……笃信守仁学……守仁属以教子……忠等大喜，搒元亨，加以砲烙，终不承，械系京师诏狱。

冀元亨……深信守仁的学说……守仁嘱托他教育自己的儿子……（权宦）张忠等这下十分高兴，就对元亨施以棒打，加以炮烙……被戴上枷锁，投入京城的大牢之中。

其被逮也，所司系其妻李。

他被逮捕时，官吏同时收捕了他的妻子李氏。

世宗世宗嗣位，言者交白其冤，出狱五日卒。[^14]

世宗皇帝即位后，议论者一次次说明他的冤屈，被释放才五天也就死了。

王阳明弟子邹守益：

守益举正德六年会试第一，出王守仁门……帝大怒，下诏狱拷掠，谪广德州判官。……帝大怒，落职归。[^4]

其它

徐骏在奏章里，把“陛下”的“陛”字错写成“狴”字，雍正见了，马上把徐骏革职。后来再派人一查，在徐骏的诗集里找出了如下诗句“清风不识字，何事乱翻书”、“明月有情还顾我，清风无意不留人”，于是雍正认为这是存心诽谤，照大不敬律斩立决。

雍正十一年(1733年)下诏征举士人，想学康熙重开博学鸿词科，谁知响应廖廖，只得作罢。人才凋零，文治废弛，一至于此，文字狱的消极影响于此可峥。（百度百科）

也以类似的手法，陷害自己的恩人年羹尧。

雍正七年（1729年），发往西北军营效力的前工部主事陆生楠，著《通鉴论》十七篇，论述封建、建储、兵制、君臣关系、无为而治等问题，涉及到当朝朋党之争等敏感问题。雍正帝说他“借托古人之事几，诬引古人之言论，以泄一己不平之怨怒”， 下令将其在军前正法。也在军前效力的监察御史谢济世，借着批注《大学》，“毁谤程朱”，对理学提出责难，雍正帝命在处死陆生楠时用其陪绑，以示惩诫。同年，发生曾静遣其徒张熙策动川陕总督岳钟琪谋反的投书案，牵连到已故理学家吕留良，雍正帝遂大兴文字狱，以作为控制思想、打击政敌、提高自己权威的手段。（百度百科待修改）

来源：

---

1. 罗竹风主编《汉语大词典》，香港：三联出版社；上海：汉语大词典出版社，1988，6册1518页。 ↩

---

(translation)

Word prison

"Chinese Dictionary" defines "character prison" as: "In the old days, the ruler was a persecution of intellectuals, deliberately extracted words from his works, Luo Zhicheng sin" [^ 1]

The ancient emperor engaged in a text prison, not because of his intelligence problems, but to use the text prison. Even if he killed the wrong, he was not afraid, because even the wrong judgment can be used to warn the places he did not see and strengthen his oligarchy rule.

More text prison materials can be found in Wikipedia and Baidu Encyclopedia.

Confucius

Qin Shihuang used Han Feizi to remove five types of people (see), Confucianism is one of them. ("Han Fei Zi" / Wu Chong: Its scholars said that the way of the first king was based on the benevolence and justice, and Sheng Rongfu argued that he was suspicious of the law of the world, and the heart of the two masters.

...... The five of them, the state of beetle also. The owner does not remove the people of the five beetles, and does not support the men of Geng Jie, although there is a ruined country in the sea, and the era of destruction, don't blame it.

Vernacular: those who write books, rely on benevolence and morality to promote the way of the kings, pay attention to appearance and dress, and use clever rhetoric to disturb today's laws and regulations, thus shaking the monarch's determination.

...... The above five kinds of people are all borers of the country. If the monarch does not remove these five kinds of people like worms, and does not cover the people who are upright, then it is no wonder that even if there is a ruined and ruined country in the world, the court will be removed. )

Qin Shihuang burned books to Confucianism, a large number of books were destroyed, and those who hid them were convicted.

孟子

He was expelled from the Confucian temple by Zhu Yuanzhang, deleting content that was not conducive to imperial rule. After Zhu Di's rebellion was successful, the deleted article was restored only after the Warriors' recommendation.

王 阳明

What happened after Wang Yangming's death

Emperor Jiajing was dissatisfied with the doctrines of Wang Yangming and his friend Zhan Ruoshui. Wang Yangming was reprimanded after his death:

Ben Shou Ren died, Gui E played his job without permission. The emperor was furious, and the court heard. Cao et al. Said: "Shouren does not teach the ancients, but does not say the teacher. If you want to be different, it is not Zhu Xi's theory of knowledge and knowledge; if you don't give it to the public, it is Zhu Xi's book on his final years. , Advocating peace with each other. Talented people are at their will, and vulgar people take advantage of their false voice. Zhang Daxin, forbidden heresy to justify people's hearts. "Emperor Nai issued an apology to stop hereditary herds, and not all of them were good.
...... Yuan's achievements, marked by Confucianism, died as a scholar. ... It is true that curb and cons can't be blamed on merit.

After Wang Shouren passed away, Gui Ca impeached him to leave his post. Zhu Houxun, an emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was very annoyed and ordered the minister of the court to discuss it. Gui E and others said: "Shouren does not take the predecessors of the law and does not commend the pre-Confucianism in his lectures. He wants to be innovative and raise himself up before criticizing Zhu Xi's theory of knowledge and knowledge; The final book in his later years. Summoning disciples and singing with each other. Talented people like his randomness, and those who have no interest borrow his false name. The rebellion of the Ning King who lived to capture the rebellion is still worthy of commemoration. It should be exempted from pursuing the count, to show the credibility of the dynasty, to prohibit the spread of heresy, and to correct the people ’s thoughts. The ceremony for handling the aftermath will not be held.
... but he boasted of his academic creativity and set new grounds, unlike the great Confucian scholars who were criticized by scholars after his death. ... but the malpractices of Shouren's doctrine are so real, this cannot be taboo for him because he has many achievements.

Be pretentious and slander predecessors. Call the disciples and echo with a false voice. Use swindles to confess, bad guys. In recent days, scholars have passed on their cults and guided them. [^ 50]

In the sixteenth year of Jiajing (1537), Yu Shi You Ju respectfully reprimanded and criticized Nanjing officials Shang Shu Zhan Ruoshui:

Advocate its cults, broaden its rogues, and create a private college.

(Required) decree to justify people's hearts.

On the one hand, Emperor Jiajing comforted Zhan Ruoshui, and on the other hand, he destroyed Wang Yangming and Zhan Ruoshui's Guangjian Academy.

In the second year, Xu Zan, the official of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, used Jiajing as an excuse to "get together students and provide for a hundred million scientific disturbances" with the words "no official studies, don't set up academy". Jiajing "ordered to impose strict bans on the inside and outside, ruining its college" and "applying for ruining the world academy."

Wang Yangming's disciples' experience

"Ming History" records that Wang Yangming's disciple Ji Yuanheng:

Ji Yuanheng ... believing in benevolence ... Shouren is a godson ... Zhong and other great delights, Yuan Yuanheng, to be branded, and ultimately not accepted, the Department of Mechanical Department imprisoned.

Ji Yuanheng ... convinced of Shouren's doctrine ... Shouren asked him to educate his son ... (Quan Huan) Zhang Zhong was very happy, so he gave Yuanheng a good fight and branded it ... was put on Shackles are thrown into the jail of the capital.

He was also arrested, his wife Li.

When he was arrested, the officials also arrested his wife Li.

Sejong Sejong heir, the speaker confessed his grievances and was released on the 5th. [^ 14]

After Emperor Sejong took the throne, the commentator explained his grievances again and again, and he died only five days after being released.

Zou Shouyi, a disciple of Wang Yangming:

Shou Yiju took the first place in Zhengde's six-year meeting, and went out to Wang Shouren's gate ... The emperor was furious, tortured in prison, and extorted from Guangdezhou. ... The emperor was furious and resigned. [^ 4]

other

In the play, Xu Jun misrepresented the word "Her Majesty" in the word "Her Majesty" into the word "Jia". When Yong Zheng saw him, he immediately dismissed Xu Jun. Later, he sent another person to check, and found the following verses in Xu Jun's poems: "The breeze is illiterate, why do you turn the book?", "Mingyue loves me, and the breeze has no intention of leaving people", so Yongzheng thinks this is deliberate defamation , According to the law of disrespect.

In the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), the imperial conscripts were conscripted, and they wanted to learn Kangxi to reopen the scholarship of Xue Xuehong. Anyone who responded to Liao Liao had to do so. Talents are withering away, the rule of law is abolished, and once it comes to this, the negative influence of the word prison will be here. (Baidu Encyclopedia)

In a similar way, he framed his benefactor Nian Genyao.

In the seven years of Yongzheng (1729), Lu Shengnan, the former director of the Ministry of Industry and Technology, who served in the Northwest Military Barracks, wrote 17 articles of "Tongjian Lun", discussing the issues of feudalism, construction of the reserve, military system, relations between monarchs and ministers, and rule of inaction Sensitive issues such as the North Korean party struggle. Emperor Yongzheng said that he "borrowed a few things from the ancients, falsely quoted the ancients, to vent their grievances," and ordered him to rectify the law before the army. Xie Jishi, a supervising imperial supervisor who also worked in front of the army, criticized Neo-Confucianism by annotating "University", "Emperor Yong Zhu", and emperor Yongzheng ordered him to be tied up when he executed Lu Shengnan as a punishment. In the same year, there was a case in which he sent his apprentice Zhang Xi to provoke the rebellion of the Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, Yue Zhongqi, which implicated the late physicist Lu Liuliang and Yongzheng Emperor Daxing as a means of controlling thoughts, cracking down on political enemies and enhancing their authority. (Baidu Encyclopedia to be modified)

source:
[^ 1]: Luo Zhufeng edited "Chinese Dictionary", Hong Kong: Sanlian Publishing House; Shanghai: Chinese Dictionary Publishing House, 1988, 6 volumes, 1518 pages.