（这篇文章记录了被许多中国人崇拜的孔子获得权力后，第一时间自己杀了与自己不同政见者、名人少正卯。这个事情体现了法治制度的重要性，在一个法治制度之下，并不能由孔子来决定少正卯的罪行）
《荀子·宥坐》、《史记.孔子世家》、《尹文子·大道下》、《论衡》、《淮南子·氾论》、《汉书·刘向传》、《汉书·赵尹韩张两王传》、《陆贾新语·辅政第三》、《说苑·指武》、《白虎通义·诛伐》和《孔子家语·始诛第二》等记载孔子和少正卯都开办私塾，属于同行。孔子的学生除了颜回，多次被少正卯的讲课吸引了过去，[1]少正卯也是当时的名人，[2]孔子代理鲁国宰相七天就没有公开审判的杀了少正卯，尸体被展示三天。[3]
《荀子·宥坐》、《史记.孔子世家》、《尹文子·大道下》、《论衡》、《淮南子·氾论》、《汉书·刘向传》、《汉书·赵尹韩张两王传》、《陆贾新语·辅政第三》、《说苑·指武》、《白虎通义·诛伐》和《孔子家语·始诛第二》等记载孔子和少正卯都开办私塾，属于同行。孔子的学生除了颜回，多次被少正卯的讲课吸引了过去，[1]少正卯也是当时的名人，[2]孔子代理鲁国宰相七天就没有公开审判的杀了少正卯，尸体被展示三天。[3]
这次事件的真实性疑点是荀子前的书已知没记录，早期的道家、墨家、法家和儒家不对付，但没记录，也可能是写的人不知道，或因为秦始皇“焚书坑儒”大量资料时被销毁连带销毁了，而后来被多部书籍并举这点能把孔子杀少正卯这个资料算作合格的来源，也就是能做为引用的来源。
《史记》记载孔子曾杀人：
……优倡侏儒为戏而前。孔子趋而进，历阶而登，不尽一等，曰：“匹夫而营惑诸侯者罪当诛！请命有司！”有司加法焉，手足异处。[4]……于是一些歌舞杂技艺人和身材矮小的侏儒都前来表演，孔子看了急跑过来，一步一阶往台上走，最后一阶还没有迈上就说：“普通人敢来胡闹迷惑诸侯，论罪当杀！请命令主事官员去执行！”于是主事官员依法将这些表演者处以腰斩。
《论语》记载：
子张曰：“何谓四恶？
子曰：“不教而杀谓之虐……”[5]子张问：“什么是四恶？”
孔子答：对犯罪的人不进行教育就杀死的叫做虐（四恶之一）……。
按此逻辑，孔子如果没教育就杀少正卯，是错的了。
少正卯是法家，与当时孔子儒家的观点不同，儒家在当时不是显学，也就是支持的人不多，孔子属于杀他属于杀不同政见者，放在现代的法律标准不同政见者不能“因言获罪”，最后的底线是不能判死刑，以防止公权力过大，如果有的话这次属于孔子的污点，也说明了规范权力的重要性。少正卯的学说没有流传下来让现代人了解下是怎样的是个遗憾。
由于细节难以考证真伪，所以这个真伪可以当做不是那么多重要，重要的是如何避免这样的事情以后再发生。
子贡
附主要古书来源：
《荀子》：
《荀子》：
孔子为鲁摄相，朝七日而诛少正卯。门人进问曰：“夫少正卯鲁之闻人也，夫子为政而始诛之，得无失乎，”孔子曰：“居，吾语女其故。人有恶者五，而盗窃不与焉。一曰心达而险；二曰行辟而坚；三曰言伪而辩；四曰记丑而博；五曰顺非而泽。此五者，有一于人，则不得免于君子之诛，而少正卯兼有之。故居处足以聚徒成群，言谈足饰邪营众，强足以反是独立，此小人之桀雄也，不可不诛也。是以汤诛尹谐，文王诛潘止，周公诛管叔，太公诛华仕，管仲诛付里乙，子产诛邓析、史付，此七子者，皆异世同心，不可不诛也。诗曰：‘忧心悄悄，愠于群小。’小人成群，斯足忧也。”[6]
《尹文子》：
孔丘摄鲁相，七日而诛少正卯。门人子贡进问曰：“夫少正卯，鲁之闻人也。夫子为政而先诛，得无失乎？”孔子曰：“居，吾语汝其故。人有恶者五，而窃盗奸私不与焉。一曰心达而险，二曰行僻而坚，三曰言伪而辨，四曰强记而博，五曰顺非而泽。此五者，有一于人，则不免君子之诛，而少正卯兼有之，故居处足以聚徒成群，言谈足以饰邪荧众，强记足以反是独立，此小人雄桀也，不可不诛也。是以，汤诛尹谐，文王诛潘正，太公诛华士，管仲诛付里乙，子产诛邓析、史付，此六子者，异世而同心，不可不诛也。《诗》曰：‘忧心悄悄，愠于群小。’小人成群，斯足畏也。”[7]
《尹文子》这篇与《荀子》这篇的内容极为相似，仅少许文字有异。
司马迁《史记》：
（鲁）定公十四年，孔子年五十六，由大司寇行摄相事……于是诛鲁大夫乱政者少正卯。[8]
《孔子家语》：
孔子为鲁司寇，摄行相事......于是朝政，七日而诛乱政大夫少正卯，戮之于两观之下，尸于朝。三日，子贡进曰：“夫少正卯，鲁之闻人也，今夫子为政，而始诛之，或者为失乎？”孔子曰：“居，吾语汝以其故。天下有大恶者五，而窃盗不与焉。一曰心逆而险，二曰行僻而坚，三曰言伪而辩，四曰记丑而博，五曰顺非而泽，此五者有一于人，则不免君子之诛，而少正卯皆兼有之。其居处足以撮徒成党，其谈说足以饰褒荣众，其强御足以反是独立，此乃人之奸雄者也，不可以不除。夫殷汤诛尹谐、文王诛潘正、周公诛管蔡、太公诛华士、管仲诛付乙、子产诛史何，是此七子，皆异世而同诛者，以七子异世而同恶，故不可赦也。诗云：‘忧心悄悄，愠于群小，小人成群，斯足忧矣。’”[9]
《说苑》：
孔子为鲁司寇，七日而诛少正卯于东观之下，门人闻之，趋而进，至者不言，其意皆一也。子贡后至，趋而进，曰：“夫少正卯者，鲁国之闻人矣！夫子始为政，何以先诛之？”孔子曰：“赐也，非尔所及也。夫王者之诛有五，而盗窃不与焉。一曰心辨而险；二曰言伪而辩；三曰行辟而坚；四曰志愚而博；五曰顺非而泽。此五者皆有辨知聪达之名，而非其真也。苟行以伪，则其知足以移众，强足以独立，此奸人之雄也，不可不诛。夫有五者之一，则不免于诛。今少正卯兼之，是以先诛之也。昔者汤诛蠋沐，太公诛潘阯，管仲诛史附里，子产诛邓析，此五子未有不诛也。所谓诛之者，非为其昼则功盗，暮则穿窬也，皆倾覆之徒也！此固君子之所疑，愚者之所惑也。诗云：‘忧心悄悄，愠于群小。’此之谓矣。”[10]
《论衡》：
子贡事孔子一年，自谓过孔子；二年，自谓与孔子同；三年，自知不及孔子。当一年、二年之时，未知孔子圣也；三年之后，然乃知之。以子贡知孔子，三年乃定。世儒无子贡之才，其见圣人不从之学，任仓卒之视，无三年之接，自谓知圣，误矣！少正卯在鲁，与孔子并。孔子之门，三盈三虚，唯颜渊不去，颜渊独知孔子圣也。夫门人去孔子归少正卯，不徒不难知孔子之圣，又不能知少正卯，门人皆惑。子贡曰：“夫少正卯，鲁之闻人也。子为政，何以先之？”孔子曰：“赐退，非尔所及。”[11]
这里说到“三盈三虚……夫门人去孔子归少正卯”。
可见孔子杀少正卯是有的，只是细节难考证。孔子这样的人且杀了不同政见者，可见法治制度的重要性，在法治制度之下，并不能由孔子来决定少正卯的罪行。
来源：
- 《论衡》/讲瑞篇第五十：
孔子之门，三盈三虚，唯颜渊不去…… ↩ - 《荀子》/宥坐、《尹文子》/大道下、《论衡》/讲瑞篇第五十、《说苑》/指武。 ↩
- 《孔子家语》/始诛第二：
戮之于两观之下，尸于朝。三日（但是这个三日是不是指第三天才问？）…… ↩ - 《史记》/孔子世家。 ↩
- 《论语》/尧曰。 ↩
- 《荀子》/宥坐。 ↩
- 《尹文子》/大道下。 ↩
- 《史记》/孔子世家。 ↩
- 《孔子家语》/始诛第二。 ↩
- 《说苑》/指武。 ↩
- 《论衡》/讲瑞篇第五十。 ↩
---
(translation)
(This article records that after Confucius, worshipped by many Chinese, gained power, he killed the dissident and celebrity Shao Zhengmao himself for the first time. This matter reflects the importance of the rule of law system, under a rule of law system , Confucius cannot decide Shao Zhengmao ’s crime)
"Xunzi · You Zuo", "Historical Records. Confucius Family", "Yin Wenzi · Dadaoxia", "On Heng", "Huainanzi · Pan Lun", "Han Shu Liu Xiang Chuan", "Han Shu Zhao Yin Han Zhang Wang" "Biography", "Lu Jia Xinyu · Fuzheng Third", "Shuoyuan · Zhiwu", "Baihu Tongyi · Zhufa" and "Confucius' Family Language · Shizhu Second" and other records Confucius and Shao Zhengmao both opened private schools , Belongs to peers. In addition to Yan Hui, Confucius ’students were attracted to Shao Zhengmao ’s lectures many times. [^ 2] Shao Zhengmao was also a celebrity at that time. [^ 5] Confucius ’s acting as Prime Minister of the State of Lu Guo killed Shao Zheng without a public trial in seven days The body was displayed for three days. [^ 3]
The doubtfulness of the authenticity of this incident is that the books before Xunzi are known to be unrecorded. The early Taoists, Mohists, Fas, and Confucians did not deal with them, but they were not recorded. It may also be that the author did not know, or because Qin Shihuang "burned the book A large amount of information about "Confucianism" was destroyed together with it, but it was later cited by several books as a qualified source, that is, it can be used as a reference source.
"Historical Records" records that Confucius had killed:
... You advocated the gnome to advance for the play. Confucius moved forward, stepped up and down, waiting forever, saying: "The crime of arranging the princes to kill the princes must be done! Please have a division!" [^ 1]...... So some singing and dancing acrobats and dwarf dwarfs came to perform. Confucius watched and hurried over, step by step to the stage, and before the last step, he said: "Ordinary people dare to come and play Confuse the princes, condemn the crimes and kill them! Please order the principal officials to execute them! "Then the principal officials punished these performers according to law.
"The Analects" records:
Zi Zhang said: "What are the four evils?
Zi said: "It's a abuse to kill without teaching ..." [^ 4]Zi Zhang asked: "What are the four evils?"
Confucius Answer: It is called abuse (one of the four evils) to kill the criminal without education.
According to this logic, it is wrong for Confucius to kill Shaozhengmao without education.
Shao Zhengmao was a legalist. Unlike Confucian Confucianism at the time, Confucianism was not explicit at the time, that is, there were not many people who supported him. Confucius belonged to killing him and to kill dissidents, and placed on modern legal standards. "Convicted of words", the final bottom line is that the death penalty cannot be sentenced to prevent excessive public power. If any, this time belongs to the taint of Confucius, which also illustrates the importance of regulating power. It is a pity that Shao Zhengmao's theory has not been passed down to let modern people understand what it is.
Because the details are difficult to verify the authenticity, so the authenticity can be regarded as not so important, the important thing is how to avoid such things happening in the future.
Attached main sources of ancient books:
"Xunzi":
"Xunzi":
Confucius was Lu Shexiang, and he was shaozhengzheng on the 7th. The doorman asked: "Fu Shaozheng is a man who hears the truth from Lu, and the Confucius starts to punish him for politics. It's all right," Confucius said, "I live for five years, but the theft is my fault. Not with Yan. One said that the heart was up to the risk; the other said that the line was strong and the firm; the third was the hypocrisy and the argument; the fourth was the ugliness and the arrogance; Yu Zhuo's punishment, and Shao Zhengmao has both. The former residence is enough to gather in groups, and the words are enough to decorate the evil camps, and it is strong enough to be independent. The villain's arrogance is also a must. Yin Xie, Wen Wang Zhu Panzhi, Zhou Gong Zhu Guanshu, Tai Gong Zhu Huashi, Guan Zhongzhu Fu Liyi, the son of Zhu Deng, Shi Fu, these seven sons, all of which are concentric in the world, must also be condemned. The poem said: ' Concerned quietly, stunned by the group of small. 'The villains are in groups, and the feet are worried. "[^ 11]
"Yin Wenzi":
Kong Qiu photographed Lu Xiang, seven days and Zhu Shaozheng Mao. Gong Renzi asked: "Fu Shao Zhengmao, Lu Zhiwen also. The Confucius is the first to punish the government, is it worth it?" Confucius said: "Dwell, my language is the same. There are five evil people, Theft and mischief are different. One said that the heart is dangerous and dangerous, the second is that the line is remote and firm, the third is that the words are hypocritical and discriminating, the fourth is that the words are strong and the others are eloquent, and the fifth is that the words are unconventional. , It is inevitable that the gentleman's punishment, and Shao Zhengmao has both, the former residence is enough to gather in groups, the words are enough to decorate the evil Yingzhong, and the strong memory is enough to be independent, this villain is also a man, and he must be blamed. Therefore, Tang Zhu Yin Xie, Wen Wang Zhu Panzheng, Tai Gong Zhu Huashi, Guan Zhongzhu Fu Liyi, the son of Zhu Deng, Shi Fu, these six sons, different worlds and concentric, must also be criticized. "Poetry" said: 'Worry is quiet, stunned by the group.' The villains are in groups, and the feet are afraid. "[^ 10]
The content of "Yin Wenzi" is very similar to the content of "Xunzi", only a few words are different.
Sima Qian's "Historical Records":
(Lu) In the fourteenth year of Dinggong, the fifty-sixth year of Confucius, the prime minister Kou Xinghang took part in the incident ... So Shaozheng, the rebellious politician of Doctor Zhulu. [^ 9]
"Confucius Family Language":
Confucius acted for Lu Sikuo, and acted together ... So the government, the seven-day chaos politics doctor Shao Zhengmao, slaughtered under two views, the corpse in the dynasty. On the third day, Zi Gongjin said: "Fu Shaozheng Mao, Lu Zhiwen also, now the Confucius is in politics, and he started to blame, or is it disappointed?" Confucius said: "Ju, my language is the reason. The world There are five great evils, and theft is not arrogant. One said that the heart was against and dangerous, the second said that the line was remote and firm, the third said that the hypocrisy was arguing, the fourth said that the ugly and the boisterous, and the fifth said that the five were unconventional. If there is a person, it is inevitable that the gentleman will punish him, and Shao Zhengmao has both. Its residence is enough to make up a party, its talk is enough to admire the honorable people, and its strength is enough to be independent. You ca n’t do it. You ca n’t get rid of it. Fu Yin Tang Zhu Yin Xie, Wen Wang Zhu Pan Zheng, Zhou Gong Zhu Guan Cai, Tai Gong Zhu Hua Shi, Guan Zhong Zhu Fu Yi, the son of Zhu Shi He, these seven sons, all of them are different from the rest of the world. Those who share the same evil with their seven sons cannot be forgiven. Shi Yun: 'Worry is quiet, stunned by small groups, small groups of people, and sorrowful feet.' "[^ 8]
"Shuoyuan":
Confucius is Ru Si Kou. On the 7th, Zhu Shaozheng was under the East View. The doormen heard it and moved forward. Zi Gong came later and moved forward, saying: "Fu Shaozheng, whoever knows the state of Lu! It's good for the Master to start politics. Why should he blame him first?" There are five punishments, and theft is not arrogant. One said that the mind is discriminating and dangerous; the second is that the words are hypocritical and the arguing; The name of Congda is distinguished, not its true. Gou Xingxing is hypocritical, so his knowledge is sufficient to move the crowd, strong enough to be independent, and this traitor's hero must not be blamed. One of the five husbands is inevitably blamed. Nowadays, Shaozhengmao is both the first and the first. The former Tang Zhumu Mu, Taigong Zhu Pan, Guan Zhongzhu Shi Fuli, the son of Zhu Deng analysis, these five sons are not Zhu Zhu also. The so-called Zhu Zhe , Not for the day to be a thief, but also to wear the scorpion at night, and all the overthrown people! This is the suspicion of a solid gentleman, and the fool of fools. Poetry: "Worry is quiet, stunned by the small group." Anyway. "[^ 6]
"On Heng":
Zigong Confucius for one year, claiming to have been Confucius; for two years, claiming to be the same as Confucius; for three years, knowing less than Confucius. During one or two years, Confucius Sheng also was unknown; three years later, it was known. Knowing Confucius by Zizi Gong is three years old. The talents of the world Confucius who don't have tribute to the tribute, seeing the saints do not follow, and have no pretentious view, without three years of connection, claiming to know the holy, it is wrong! Shao Zhengmao was in Lu and merged with Confucius. The gate of Confucius, three surpluses and three empties, but Yan Yuan does not go, Yan Yuan knows Confucius Sheng Ye alone. Husbands went to Confucius to return to Shaozhengmao, and it was not difficult to know Confucius's holy ones without knowing Shaozhengmao. Zigong said: "Fu Shaozhengmao, Lu Zhiwen also. The son is in politics, why should it come first?" Confucius said: "Bet retreat, not at all." [^ 7]
Here it is said that "three surpluses and three deficiencies ... The husbands went to Confucius to return to Shaozhengmao".
It can be seen that Confucius killed Shao Zhengmao, but the details are difficult to verify. If a person like Confucius killed a dissident, it can be seen that the rule of law system is important. Under the rule of law system, Confucius cannot decide Shao Zhengmao's crimes.
source:
[^ 1]: "Historical Records" / Confucius Family.
[^ 2]: "On Heng" / Swiss Chapter 50:
The door of Confucius, three surpluses and three empties, but Yan Yuan does not go ...
[^ 3]: "Confucius' Family Language" / Shizhu Second:
The slaughter is under two views, and the corpse is in the dynasty. Three days (but does this three days refer to the third day?) ...
[^ 4]: "The Analects" / Yao Yue.
[^ 5]: "Xunzi" / You Zuo, "Yin Wenzi" / Dadaoxia, "On Heng" / Fifty Lectures, "Said Yuan" / Zhiwu.
[^ 6]: "Shuoyuan" / Fingwu.
[^ 7]: "On Heng" / Swiss Chapter 50.
[^ 8]: "Confucius' Family Language" / Shizhu Second.
[^ 9]: "Historical Records" / Confucius Family.
[^ 10]: "Yin Wenzi" / Dadao.
[^ 11]: "Xunzi" / You sit.
[^ 12]: "[Why Zhao Guangyi probably clicked my brother Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin] ()", 2019.
[^ 1]: "Historical Records" / Confucius Family.
[^ 2]: "On Heng" / Swiss Chapter 50:
The door of Confucius, three surpluses and three empties, but Yan Yuan does not go ...
[^ 3]: "Confucius' Family Language" / Shizhu Second:
The slaughter is under two views, and the corpse is in the dynasty. Three days (but does this three days refer to the third day?) ...
[^ 4]: "The Analects" / Yao Yue.
[^ 5]: "Xunzi" / You Zuo, "Yin Wenzi" / Dadaoxia, "On Heng" / Fifty Lectures, "Said Yuan" / Zhiwu.
[^ 6]: "Shuoyuan" / Fingwu.
[^ 7]: "On Heng" / Swiss Chapter 50.
[^ 8]: "Confucius' Family Language" / Shizhu Second.
[^ 9]: "Historical Records" / Confucius Family.
[^ 10]: "Yin Wenzi" / Dadao.
[^ 11]: "Xunzi" / You sit.
[^ 12]: "[Why Zhao Guangyi probably clicked my brother Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin] ()", 2019.
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