為什麼民營企業比官營企業好？

國營（集體營）和公營（集團營）是由一個個的“私”（個人）組成的，就像森林都是一顆顆樹組成，所以個人是必不可少的元素，所以即使是全民所有的公營，總會涉及每一個人的人性、能力和見識。

國營和公營實際上就是官營，官員運營，因為企業需要人去運營，而這些人在國營和公營的情況下就是官員，在民營企業裡面他們就是雇主。

私營企業也叫民營企業，這個“民”，不是人民、全民、國民或公民，而是平民（沒有官職的人，非官員）。

中國前人說：

兩利相權取其重，兩弊相權取其輕。 [1]

為什麼民營企業好於公營企業？

都是公營企業的經濟會缺乏良性競賽

公營和民營企業裡面，雇主和僱員都有生產勞動，如果這裡面兩方的人的工資不能由雇主定，這就需要一個比雇主定得能更好的人。

如果雇主不獲得股東分紅，那麼建立企業的原始資金就沒有投資人會出，如果由全民出，而企業實際上就只有一家了，從出生就形成所謂的壟斷企業，因為多個企業互相博弈拉低價格，就意味著利潤減少，股東都是同一群股東不會讓利潤減少，一家企業參生不了博弈，不容易優升劣降產生出更好產品。

這裡面公營企業要達到優升劣降，就肯定得多個人在做產品，產品之間進行博弈，而多個人誰做得好，需要一個評價體系，多數人想做資金不足只能少數人做要有一個選拔體系，而且這些體係要比目前的“民營”系統收益大才有價值。

《滴滴出行上半年淨虧損超過40億元!》[2]

除了鐵路，沒有哪個公營企業的管理者敢這樣虧錢辦企業。

民營企業為什麼在開放比賽的領域，成績好於公營企業？

加拿大航空是公營的，註冊加拿大的航空公司必須70%的控股權歸加拿大公民所有，因而難以有新加入的競爭者，因為加入意味著70%的利潤歸加拿大公民，結果保護主義嚴重，票價高企，加拿大航空公司被常常環遊全球的高曉松親身感受評為最差的航空公司。 [3]

公營企業就是全體公民是股東，全體公民（股東）為了提高效率，選舉出企業管理負責人投入資源進行生產活動，但是這個選舉方式的原點選舉人是全體公民，就沒有民營企業的原點專業了，所以選出來的人和日後每一段時間需要回收和投入多少資源，理論上都沒有民營企業的選擇好。

民營企業的投資人可以是專業的風險投資基金，基金盈虧自負，牽連著人類的求生本能，所以基金的投資保持著警惕性，像如果幾家人公用一個電錶，用電的節省度就沒有一家一個電錶那麼節省。風險投資基金可以承受自己投資的大部分企業倒閉（據說是九成），只要有少數成功就能盈利，所以也敢投資一些看起來“奇怪”“不可思議”但有可能成功的企業，如果是公營企業，全體公民能不能承受這種倒閉程度和投資“奇怪”“不可思議”的企業是個疑問，微軟創始人比爾蓋茨當年希望與當時的巨頭IBM與自己合作建立Windows，但被拒絕不得不自行運營新公司微軟與巨頭IBM進行博弈。喬布斯在自己蘋果曾經運營不好被掃地出門，在公營企業裡面機會少，可能他就沒機會重回蘋果掌舵者的職位了。有時候市場需求連創業者自己也不知道，我知道有個鬥魚的主播就是靠試，試了很多種直播內容，才定格在我看到他的時候做的直播內容，是他說我才知道的，這個在公營製裡面機會少，難以實現。這些裡面都可以歸有優升劣降在左右。

優升劣降的效果好的證據是現在市場上的產品，只要是公營和民營有同場博弈的，都是民營的產品做得好而公營的被博弈到不見踪影（如移動出過的飛信），像公營的國家如前蘇聯、古巴和北朝鮮出品的商品，除了無需多少加工度的如煤炭和雪茄這樣的特殊資源，我們沒看到能屹立具有國際競爭力（優越度）的產品。

可能有人會說中國的高鐵，中國的高鐵有多個因素：

1. 由於歐美國家的多數公民制弊端，導致相關國家的工業搬到中國，中國是全球第一規模的工業基地，高鐵與工業有關。多數公民制的弊端也導致其員工工作要求福利高降低了企業的實力。
2. 多數公民制的弊端導致中國建鐵路的拆遷難度比多數公民制國家小得多，高鐵有大量的實踐機會提高自身的優秀度。美國出行主要靠汽車和飛機。
3. 中國也會用外國的鐵路產品，​​像西藏就長期買的是美國的火車頭。最近跟日本高鐵合作建更高速的高鐵。
4. 中國並不是整個國家都是公營企業，大部分是民營企業，高鐵可採購民營企業包括國外的民營企業的設備和零件。
5. 沒有對比，中國沒有同等的不是多數公民制定企業，與現有的公司比賽做對比哪家好。

僱員在市場經濟比都是公營經濟好發展的原因

在民營企業裡面僱員對於自己的工資、職業和職位，自己能控制的多少和高低，都比在都是公營企業的模式裡面要強，因為物以稀為貴，一個行業裡面公營企業無法像民營企業那樣的多和容易倒閉，所以數量少或只有一家，僱員的數量不變而企業只有少數，就造成了僱員選擇性小談判能力低。 ?

民營企業在市場即使博弈到在行業裡面只有少數或一家時，依然保持著警惕性升級產品對付潛在的競爭者[4]，沒那麼容易壓低員工的待遇使得僱員離職建立新的公營企業造成一個新的博弈對手，而只有一家公營企業時，僱員除非換職業，否則無法離開原來的從屬關係，只能按一個系統裡的上級的想法範圍內進行勞動。

中國官方有過統計，大學生創業三年有九成五左右是失敗的，而在商業製度發達的美國也有七成左右是失敗的，這種失敗率和後續的淘汰率也不是公營企業能承受或產生的。

論公營企業的經營和民營企業的“壟斷”

美國也有“公營”企業，公營企業在一些行業裡面如果是必須的（先用民營企業去試），可以多向民營企業學習，在僱員屬性上，盡量少的公務員或沒有公務員，讓管理團隊能放開手腳，政府只定期定管理團隊，及研究一些指標（如評價體系）來評定管理團隊是否經營得優秀。

對於一個行業裡面的大企業，該限制的是不合理的博弈行為，而不是限制形成寡頭，比如蘋果曾經不允許競爭對手如穀歌地圖和訊飛語音上架，手機廠家的預裝軟件不能刪除，這些都違反優升劣降和總體利益最大化原則。

實踐是檢驗真理的標準

中國東漢偉大的哲學家王允說：

事莫明於有效，論莫定於有證。 [5]

中國古代有井田制，井田制是一塊莊稼地，中間是公田，四周是農民的田，農民要同養公田，[6][7]收入各歸其有。 [8]

夏朝就有實行井田制[9]，商、週時也實行，[10]春秋時井田制沒落[11][7]，被廢除。 [12][13]

西方也有類似的田地供養制度，英國工業革命時，幾塊地輪流留出做“休養生息”養羊，中間的地是僱傭農民的。 （參考“圈地運動”）

中國古代很早就有公營替代民營經商，據說商周時期就有君主使用過失敗，後朝時又有：

鹽鐵之議

漢武帝時推行了以桑弘羊等人制定的鹽、鐵等用品官營、酒類專賣及均輸、平準、統一鑄幣等一系列重大財經政策。加上與匈奴作戰，經濟大倒退。

西漢漢昭帝時，權臣霍光組織來自民間的60多個儒生與朝廷包括桑弘羊在內的官員進行辯論，儒生們支持民營，[14]後人寫成著名的《鹽鐵論》。會議結束後，取消了酒類公營專賣和部分地區的鐵器公營專賣。 [15]

王莽改制

西漢的王莽篡位建立新朝，即重蹈覆轍，把鹽、鐵、酒、鑄錢、五均賒貸及山林川澤（包括農田）收入公營。 [16]又對五均——絲、綿、布、帛、五穀等日常用品進行的價格管制。 [17]

結果民軍遍地而起，王莽亡。 [18][19]

史學家呂思勉批評其：

莽之病，在於偏重立法，而不計法所以行。 [20]

史學家錢穆批評其：

王莽的政治......不達政情。 [21]

青苗法

宋神宗時期王安石變法中有青苗法，是其招牌之一，公方替代原來民間的農業借貸，結果農民的負擔更重，[22][23]許多大臣反對，經過反復後，以完全被廢止告終。

洛杉磯奧運會

1984年美國洛杉磯奧運會之前一屆的奧運會承辦城市破產，使得許多國家不想承辦奧運會，洛杉磯成為唯一競選承辦的城市，但競選成功後洛杉磯所在的加利福尼亞州就通過了法律不准動用公共資金舉辦奧運會，美國聯邦政府也表示不給予洛杉磯奧運會任何經濟援助。洛杉磯史無前例的交給民營運營[24]，通過改良方法，奧運會開幕前奧組委籌集到八億美元的資金，負擔各項賽事和活動綽綽有餘。美國《時代周刊》評論說：“比賽還沒有開始，第一枚金牌就已經誕生，尤伯羅斯（組委會主席）當之無愧。”，結果史無前例地實現奧運會盈利，其盈利2.5億美元[^23 ]的數據至今未被超越。奧林匹克勳章是國際奧林匹克委員會向為奧林匹克運動做出突出貢獻的人頒發的最高榮譽獎勵，[25]尤伯羅思因此獲頒奧林匹克勳章中的最高級別——金質勳章。

其它

美國大蕭條時，總統胡佛和羅斯福規定商品價格，不允許雇主開除僱員，規定最低工資。羅斯福還想把十萬美元以上是稅收定為99.8%，反而使得大蕭條更久。 [26]

美國有民營的監獄[27]，民營的建造費用、建造時間、運營成本、犯人自殺率、犯人釋放後重新犯罪率的數據都好於公營監獄。 [27]

中國也有民營的消防隊。 [28]

日本文化也不喜歡更迭，導致企業缺乏新陳代謝，經濟長期停滯不前。 [29]

非盈利民營機構，是股東不分紅，也就是股東只投錢，不賺錢。在學校裡，他們是美國排名最優秀的大學——哈佛、耶魯、普林斯頓、哥倫比亞、斯坦福；醫院是美國頂級的霍普金斯醫院、梅奧診所、長老會醫院。台灣也有著名企業家王永慶創建的長庚醫院。 [30]

正如鄧說：

社會主義也可以搞市場經濟。 [31]

發展才是硬道理。 [32]

毛澤東也說：

真理只有一個，而究竟誰發現了真理，不依靠主觀的誇張，而依靠客觀的實踐。只有千百萬人民的革命實踐，才是檢驗真理的尺度。 [33]

社會實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準。 [33]

馬克思也說：

人的思維是否具有客觀的真理性，這不是一個理論的問題，而是一個實踐的問題。 [33]

實踐到現代，全球近兩百個國家，包括中國在內，除了朝鮮，都不喜歡用公營替代民營經商了，朝鮮也宣布要改變開放了。

相關閱讀：
認知聖經《優升劣降理論》，2018年。
柴知道《為什麼人們都喜歡在游泳池裡尿尿？ 》，B站，2018年9月7日。

來源及釋義：

---

1. 章太炎《答某書》。
   約翰·斯圖爾特·穆勒，譯 嚴復《群己權界論》/首篇。 ↩
2. 中金在線財米視頻《[滴滴出行仍在燒錢: 上半年淨虧損超過40億元! ](http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzgyMDkwMzk4MA==.html? sharekey=252ae032466e937fefb9442f83d53b836)》，優酷視頻。 ↩
3. 高曉松《[扒一扒加拿大:白宮陷落](http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rr9jf7no.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=538221800&tvid=538221800&cid=31&identifier=weixinv1&ftype=27&subtype=1&vip_pc=2&vip_tpc =1&isrd=1&p1=2_22_700&social_platform=link)》，曉松奇談/2016年9月16日期/37:49。 ↩
4. 羅振宇《我們應該反壟斷嗎？ 》，羅輯思維/第205集。 ↩
5. 王充《論衡》，藝術中國網，1947年/第378頁。 ↩
6. 春秋·《穀梁傳》/宣公十五年：
   古者三百步為裡，名曰井田。井田者，九百畝，公田居一。
   范甯注：出除公田八十畝，餘八百二十畝，故井田之法，八家共一井，八百畝。餘二十畝，家各二畝半，為廬舍。 ↩
7. 《漢語大詞典》/第337頁/井田。 ↩ ↩
8. 《詩小雅》/大田：雨我公田，遂及我私。 ↩
9. 《左傳》/哀公元年 載少康逃奔有虞，“有田一成，有眾一旅”。
   杜佑《通典》/卷3：
   昔黃帝始經土設井，以塞爭端；立步製畝，以防不足。使八家為井，井開四道，而分八宅，鑿井於中。 ……夫始分之於井則地著，計之於州則數詳。迄乎夏殷，不易其製。 ↩
10. 《周禮》/地官·小司徒：
    乃經土地而井牧其田野，九夫為井，四井為邑，四邑為丘，四丘為甸，四甸為縣，四縣為都，以任地事而令貢賦，凡稅斂之事。 ↩
11. 《公羊傳》何休 注：民不肯盡力於公田。 ↩
12. 《通典》：
    鞅以三晉地狹人貧，地廣人寡，故草不盡墾，地利不盡……出故廢井田，制阡陌，任其所耕，不限多少。 ↩
13. 嚴復《論中國教化之退》：秦並天下，更古制，更井田而為阡陌。 ↩
14. 歷史老撕《官府要不要干預經濟？ 》，我靠漢朝/第一季，優酷視頻。 ↩
15. 晉文《桑弘羊評傳》，南京大學出版社，2010年。 ↩
16. 《漢書》/卷九十九中·王莽傳 中。 ↩
17. 張壽仁，《狡詐權臣：王莽》，INK印刻文學生活雜​​誌出版，2009年2月/103頁。 ↩
18. 《漢書》：
    商人杜吳殺莽，取其綬。校尉東海公賓就，故大行治禮，見吳問：“綬主所在？”曰：“室中西北陬間。”就識，斬莽首。軍人分裂莽身，支節肌骨臠分，爭相殺者數十人。公賓就持莽首詣王憲。憲自稱漢大將軍，城中兵數十萬皆屬焉。 ↩
19. 《漢書》：
    傳莽首詣更始，懸宛市，百姓共提擊之，或切食其舌。 ↩
20. 呂思勉《秦漢史（上）》，上海古籍出版社，1983年/第211頁。 ↩
21. 錢穆《國史大綱》。 ↩
22. 《司馬光奏議》/卷29/奏為乞不將米折青苗錢狀：
    竊惟朝廷從初散青苗錢之意，本以兼併之家放債取利，侵漁細民，故設此法，抑其豪奪，官借貸，薄收其利。今以一斗陳米散與饑民，卻令納小麥一斗八升七合五勺，或納粟三鬥，所取利約近一倍。向去物價轉貴，則取利轉多，雖兼併之家，乘此饑饉取民利息，亦不至如此之重。 ↩
23. 《宋史》/卷74/七年二月：
    韓維：近日畿內諸縣，督索青苗錢甚急，往往鞭撻取足，至伐桑為薪以易錢貨者。旱災之際，重罹此苦。 ↩
24. 任海《奧林匹克百科全書》，中國大百科全書出版社，第2版。 ↩
25. 《奧林匹克勳章》，中國網。 ↩
26. 羅振宇《他真的拯救了美國？ 》，羅輯思維/83期。 ↩
27. The Sentencing Project,"Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration"(2004) ↩ ↩
28. 羅振宇《市場的廣度》，羅輯思維/87期/21:30、27: 00。 ↩
29. 羅振宇《大門口的野蠻人》，羅輯思維/110期。 ↩
30. 羅振宇《重新理解市場》，羅輯思維/188期/6:50。 ↩
31. 《社會主義也可以搞市場經濟》人民網 轉
    廣安日報，2017年10月11日。鄧1979年11月提出。 ↩
32. 《“發展才是硬道理”》人民網轉廣安在線，2017年1月23日。 ↩
33. 《東湖影響世界——毛澤東在東湖梅嶺的日子》中國共產黨新聞網轉湖北日報，2013年12月26日。 ↩ ↩ ↩

---

(translation)

Why are private enterprises better than government-owned enterprises?

(Marx advocates that enterprises are all state-run, and enterprises need alive people to operate. State-run enterprises are actually government-run ones. This article explains in detail why private enterprises are better than government-run ones. And recently North Korea has declared economic reforms)

State-owned (collective camp) and public (group camp) are composed of individual “private” (individual), just like the forest is composed of trees, so individual is an essential element, so even if it is owned by the whole people The public sector of the company will always involve everyone's humanity, ability and knowledge.

State-run and public-run businesses are actually government-run and official-run, because companies need people to operate, and these people are officials under state-run and public-run operations, and they are employers in private enterprises.

Private enterprises are also called private enterprises. This “civilian” is not a people, the whole people, a national or a citizen, but a civilian (a person without official positions, not an official).

Chinese predecessors said:

Two benefits are more important than others. [^ 63]

Why are private enterprises better than public enterprises?

The economy of public enterprises will lack benign competition

In both public and private enterprises, both employers and employees have productive labor. If the wages of the two parties cannot be set by the employer, a better person than the employer is required.

If the employer does not receive shareholder dividends, no investor will pay out the original capital for the establishment of the enterprise. If it is paid out by the whole people, and there is actually only one enterprise, the so-called monopoly enterprise will be formed from birth, because multiple enterprises play with each other. Low prices mean that profits are reduced. Shareholders are the same group of shareholders and will not reduce profits. A company cannot participate in the game, and it is not easy to produce better products.

For public enterprises to achieve superiority and inferiority, there must be many individuals who are making products and playing games between products. However, many people who do a good job need an evaluation system. Most people want to do insufficient funds and only a few people can do it. There must be a selection system, and these systems are more valuable than the current "private" system.

"[Didi Chuxing's net loss in the first half of the year exceeded 4 billion yuan!] (Http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzgyMDkwMzk4MA==.html?sharekey=252ae032466e937fefb9442f83d53b836)"[^32]

Except for the railway, no manager of a public enterprise dares to lose money to run an enterprise like this.

Why do private enterprises perform better than public enterprises in the field of open competition?

Air Canada is publicly-owned, and registered airlines in Canada must own 70% of the ownership of Canadian citizens, so it is difficult to have new competitors because joining means that 70% of the profits belong to Canadian citizens, resulting in serious protectionism and fares High, Air Canada is rated as the worst airline by Gao Xiaosong, who often travels around the world. [^ 34]

In a public enterprise, all citizens are shareholders. To improve efficiency, all citizens (shareholders) elect the person in charge of enterprise management to invest resources in production activities. However, the origin of this election method is that all citizens have no origin professional in private enterprises. Therefore, in theory, there is no better choice for the selected people and the amount of resources that need to be recovered and invested every time in the future.

Investors in private enterprises can be professional venture capital funds. The fund is self-financed and involves human survival instincts. Therefore, the fund ’s investment remains vigilant. For example, if several families share an electricity meter, there is no one that saves electricity. One meter saves. Venture capital funds can withstand the collapse of most of the companies they invest in (it is said to be 90%). As long as there are a few successes, they can make a profit, so they dare to invest in companies that look "strange" and "incredible" but are likely to succeed. Enterprises, whether all citizens can withstand this level of failure and invest in "strange" and "incredible" companies is a question. Microsoft founder Bill Gates hoped to cooperate with the then giant IBM to establish Windows with himself, but was refused to have to operate on his own. The new company, Microsoft, and the giant IBM have a game. Steve Jobs was swept out of the house when Apple was not operating well, and there were few opportunities in public enterprises. Maybe he did not have the opportunity to return to the position of Apple helm. Sometimes the market demand does not even know the entrepreneur himself. I know that there is a betta fish anchor who is relying on a trial. I tried a lot of live content before I stopped the live content I made when I saw him. As you know, this has few opportunities in the public sector and is difficult to achieve. All of these can be attributed to superiority and inferiority.

The evidence that the effect of superiority and inferiority is good is that the products on the market now, as long as there is a game between the public and the private, all the private products are well done and the public is not seen in the game (such as the flying Fetion ), Commodities produced by public countries such as the former Soviet Union, Cuba and North Korea, except for special resources such as coal and cigars that do not require much processing, we have not seen products that can stand up to international competitiveness (superiority).

Some people may say that China's high-speed rail has many factors:

1. Due to the malpractice of the majority of citizens in European and American countries, the industries of the relevant countries have moved to China. China is the world's largest industrial base, and high-speed rail is related to industry. The disadvantages of most citizenship systems have also led to high employee welfare requirements and reduced the strength of the company.
2. The disadvantages of most citizen systems make the demolition of China's railways much less difficult than most citizen-based countries, and high-speed rail has a lot of practical opportunities to improve its own excellence. Travel in the United States mainly depends on cars and planes.
3. China also uses foreign railway products. For example, Tibet has long bought American locomotives. Recently cooperated with Japan High Speed ​​Rail to build a higher speed high speed rail.
4. Not all countries in China are public enterprises. Most of them are private enterprises. High-speed rail can purchase equipment and parts of private enterprises including foreign private enterprises.
5. There is no comparison. China does not have an equal number of companies that are not established by most citizens. Which one is better compared to existing company competitions.

Employees in the market economy are the reasons for the good development of the public economy

In private enterprises, employees can control their wages, occupations, and positions more and more than they are in public enterprises. Because things are rare, public enterprises cannot be like private enterprises in an industry. That is too much and it is easy to fail, so the number is small or there is only one, the number of employees remains the same and the number of companies is small, which results in a small selection ability of employees and low negotiation ability. ?

Even if there are only a few or one player in the industry in the market, private enterprises still maintain vigilance to upgrade products to deal with potential competitors [^ 31]. It is not so easy to depress employees' treatment and make employees leave to establish new public enterprises. With a new game opponent and only one public company, employees cannot leave the original affiliation unless they change occupations, and they can only work within the scope of the superiors in a system.

According to official statistics from China, about 90% of college students ’failures in three years of entrepreneurship have failed, and about 70% of them have failed in the United States with a developed business system. This failure rate and the subsequent elimination rate are not affordable by public enterprises. produced.

On the operation of public enterprises and the "monopoly" of private enterprises

There are also "public" enterprises in the United States. If public enterprises are necessary in some industries (first try with private enterprises), you can learn more from private enterprises. In terms of employee attributes, there are as few civil servants or no civil servants as possible, so that the management team can Let go, the government only regularly determines the management team, and studies some indicators (such as evaluation system) to assess whether the management team is operating well.

For large enterprises in an industry, the restriction is unreasonable gaming behavior, rather than restricting the formation of oligarchs. For example, Apple once did not allow competitors such as Google Maps and Xunfei Voice to be listed, and the pre-installed software of mobile phone manufacturers cannot be deleted. These are all Violation of the principle of superiority, inferiority, and decline and overall benefit maximization.

Practice is the standard for testing truth

Wang Yun, the great philosopher of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, said:

Things should not be effective but should not be proved. [^ 28]

In ancient China, there was a well field system. The well field system was a crop field, with a public field in the middle and a farmer ’s field all around. Farmers had to raise the public field together, [^ 18] [^ 17] each had their own income. [^ 20]

In the Xia Dynasty, the minefield system was implemented [^ 14], also in Shang and Zhou dynasties, [^ 15] The minefield system declined in the spring and autumn [^ 16] [^ 17], and was abolished. [^ 21] [^ 19]

There is a similar field support system in the West. During the British Industrial Revolution, several plots were alternately set aside for "recuperation" to raise sheep, and the middle plot employed farmers. (Refer to "Enclosure Movement")

In ancient China, there was a public alternative to private business. It is said that during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some monarchs failed to use it.

Salt iron discussion

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented a series of major financial and economic policies such as the official sales of salt, iron and other supplies, monopoly of alcohol, average loss, leveling, and unified coinage formulated by Sang Hongyang and others. Coupled with fighting against the Huns, the economy has turned back.

When Emperor Han Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty, Huo Guang, the minister of power, organized more than 60 Confucian scholars from the private sector to debate with officials of the court, including Sang Hongyang. After the meeting, the public monopoly of liquor and the public monopoly of ironware in some areas were cancelled. [^ 11]
! [] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-65dbfdcfc43cc4b0.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q/50)

王 蛮 改制

In the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the throne to establish a new dynasty, that is, to repeat the same mistakes, and put salt, iron, wine, coin money, Wuyun credit and mountain forests (including farmland) into the public. [^ 4] The price control on Wujun—silk, cotton, cloth, silk, grain and other daily necessities. [^ 5]

As a result, the civilian army rose everywhere, and Wang Mang died. [^ 9] [^ 10]

Historian Lu Simian criticized it:

The disease of recklessness lies in the emphasis on legislation rather than the law. [^ 6]

Historian Qian Mu criticized:

Wang Mang's politics ... not up to politics. [^ 7]

青苗法

In the Song Shenzong period, Wang Anshi ’s reformation included the green seedling method, which was one of its signatures. The public replaced the original non-governmental agricultural borrowing, resulting in a heavier burden for farmers. [^ 1] [^ 2] Many ministers opposed it. Was abolished.

Los Angeles Olympics

Before the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games in the United States, the host city of the Olympic Games went bankrupt, making many countries do not want to host the Olympic Games. Los Angeles became the only city to run the bid. However, after the successful election, the state of California, where Los Angeles passed, passed laws prohibiting the use of public funds to host the Games. The US federal government also said it would not give any financial assistance to the Los Angeles Olympics. The unprecedented handover of Los Angeles to private operations [^ 22], through improved methods, the Olympic Games Organizing Committee raised 800 million US dollars before the opening of the Olympic Games, more than enough to afford various events and activities. The American "Times Weekly" commented: "The first gold medal has been born before the game has started, and Uberus (chairman of the organizing committee) is well-deserved." The result was unprecedentedly profitable for the Olympic Games, with a profit of $ 250 million [^ 23 ] The data has not been surpassed so far. The Olympic Medal is the highest honorary award awarded by the International Olympic Committee to those who have made outstanding contributions to the Olympic Movement. [^ 25] Uberros was awarded the highest medal in the Olympic Medal-the Gold Medal.
! [Uberus in Time Magazine] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-b8ed4a066c756e1e.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q / 50)

other

During the Great Depression in the United States, President Hoover and Roosevelt set commodity prices, did not allow employers to fire employees, and set minimum wages. Roosevelt also wanted to set a tax of more than 100,000 US dollars as 99.8%, which would make the Great Depression longer. [^ 62]

There are private prisons in the United States [^ 12]. The data on private construction costs, construction time, operating costs, prisoner suicide rates, and recidivism rates after prisoners are released are better than public prisons. [^ 12]

China also has private fire brigades. [^ 8]

Japanese culture also does not like change, leading to a lack of metabolism in the enterprise and a long-term economic stagnation. [^ 13]

Non-profit private organizations are shareholders who do not pay dividends, that is, shareholders only invest money and do not make money. In the school, they are the best ranked universities in the United States-Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Stanford; the hospital is the top Hopkins Hospital, Mayo Clinic, Presbyterian Hospital in the United States. Taiwan also has Chang Geng Hospital founded by famous entrepreneur Wang Yongqing. [^ 65]

As Deng said:

Socialism can also engage in a market economy. [^ 26]

Development is the last word. [^ 33]
! [] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-68b67ba7385e8944.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q/50)

Mao Zedong also said:

There is only one truth, and who discovered the truth does not rely on subjective exaggeration, but on objective practice. Only the revolutionary practice of millions of people is the measure of truth. [^ 27]

Social practice is the only criterion for testing truth. [^ 27]

Marx also said:

Whether human thinking is objective and truthful is not a question of theory, but a question of practice. [^ 27]

From practice to modern times, nearly two hundred countries in the world, including China, except North Korea, do not like to use public to replace private business, and North Korea has also announced that it will change and open up.
! [] (http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/13794203-37388002b42f952f.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1080/q/50)

Related Reading:
Cognitive Bible "Theory of Superiority, Inferiority and Decline", 2018.
Chai knew "[Why do people like to pee in the swimming pool?" ] (http://www.bilibili.com/video/av31275895?share_medium=android&share_source=weibo&bbid=05A3A022-6CD6-4863-A15F-9CA1913516F523674infoc&ts=1552550895018) ", Station B, September 7, 2018.

Source and interpretation:
[^ 1]: "Sima Guangyanyi" / Vol. 29 / Zuowei begging not to break rice into green seedlings:
Stealing the imperial court's intention to disperse the young seedlings' money from the beginning, it used the merger house to lend money to profit, invade the fishermen and the fine people, so this method was set up to suppress its arrogance, the government borrowed loans, and thinly collected its profits. Today, with a bucket of Chen Misan and the hungry people, he has nearly doubled the profit of wheat, a bucket of eight liters, seven bins, or five buckets of rice. If the price goes to expensive, then the profits will be turned into more. Although the merger of the family, the interest of the people will not be so important.
[^ 2]: "Song History" / Volume 74 / February 7:
Han Wei: Recently, in the counties of Guizhou, the governors have been in a hurry to get money, and they often lash out and get enough money. When the drought hits, it is suffering again.
[^ 3]: "Hanshu" / Shihuozhi Previous:
﹝ Wang Mang ordered: ﹞ The name was changed to Tian Tian Tian, ​​Wang Tian, ​​and the slaves said that they were private members, and they were not allowed to buy or sell.
[^ 4]: "Hanshu" / Vol. 99 Middle School · Biography of Wang Mang.
[^ 5]: Zhang Shouren, "Cunning Minister: Wang Mang", published by INK Imprint Literary Life Magazine, February 2009/103 pages.
[^ 6]: Lu Simian, History of Qin and Han Dynasties (Part 1), Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983 / p.211.
[^ 7]: Qian Mu's "Outline of National History".
[^ 8]: Luo Zhenyu's "[Market Breadth] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzYzMTIwMTEy.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=778df38dd1b49f54df6338b4518447c51)", Luo Jisi thinking / 87 issue / 21: 30, 27: 00.
[^ 9]: "Hanshu":
Merchant Du Wu killed him and took his stalk. The school official Donghai was a guest of honor, so he went to the ceremony and saw Wu asked: "Where is the satin master?" Said: "In the northwest of the room." The soldiers split and squat, the muscles of the nodules are divided, and dozens of people are fighting to kill. The public guest was recklessly arrogant to Wang Xian. Xian claimed to be a general of Han Dynasty, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers in the city belonged to him.
[^ 10]: "Hanshu":
Chuanmang began to change his head, and the people of Xuanwan city attacked it or cut their tongues.
[^ 11]: Jinwen "Sang Hongyang Biography", Nanjing University Press, 2010.
[^ 12]: The Sentencing Project, "Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration" (2004)
[^ 13]: Luo Zhenyu, "[The Barbarians at the Gate] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTAwMjgwNDQw.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=15dfdee579e5fdc409333ea5feb11e362)", Luo Ji thinking / 110th issue.
[^ 14]: "Zuo Zhuan" / The first year of Ai Zai-kang Zai-kang escapes, "Yi Tian has 10%, and everyone has one journey".
Du You's "Tongdian" / Volume 3:
In the past, the Yellow Emperor set up wells through the earth to settle disputes; he stepped up acres to prevent shortages. Eight wells were made, four wells were opened, and eight houses were divided into wells. ...... Fu Shi was divided into the well and the land was counted. So far Xia Yin is not easy to control.
[^ 15]: "Zhou Li" / Land Officer · Little Stuart:
Shepherd its fields through the land, Jiufu as well, Sijing as eup, Siyi as mound, Siqiu as Dian, Sidian as county, Sixian as capital. Convergence.
[^ 16]: He Xiu, "Legend of the Ram" Note: People refuse to do their best to the public land.
[^ 17]: "Chinese Dictionary" / p. 337 / Ida.
[^ 18]: Spring and Autumn, "Guliang Biography" / Fifteen Years of Xuan Gong:
The ancients took three hundred steps, and they were called Ida. Wellfielders, nine hundred acres, one for public land.
Fan Ning's Note: Except for 80 mu of public land, there are 820 mu, so the method of well field is that there are eight wells in total, 800 mu. The remaining 20 acres, two and a half acres of each family, is a cottage.
[^ 19]: Yan Fu's "On the Retreat of China's Enlightenment": Qin and the world, more ancient system, more well-cultivated.
[^ 20]: "Poetry Xiaoya" / Datian: After raining, I am public, and then I am private.
[^ 21]: "General Code":
Martingale Sanjin has a narrow land, a poor population, and a vast land with a small population, so the grass is not fully cultivated, and the geographical advantages are endless.
[^ 22]: Ren Hai "Olympic Encyclopedia", China Encyclopedia Press, 2nd Edition.
[^ 23]: Liu Yang "[Uberus Rescue the" Olympic Crisis "1984, Profit Turning Point Appeared] (http://2008.cns.com.cn/news/2008/01-29/9159.shtml)", The China-Singapore Olympics Network transferred to Beijing Commercial Daily, January 29, 2008.
[^ 25]: "[Olympic Medal] (http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/djay/771324.htm)", China Net.
[^ 26]: "[Socialism can also engage in market economy] (http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/1011/c69113-29581178.html)" People's Network
Guang'an Daily, October 11, 2017. Deng proposed in November 1979.
[^ 27]: "[East Lake Influences the World-Mao Zedong's Day in Meiling, East Lake] (http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/1226/c85037-23952439.html)" Chinese Communist Party News Network Transfer to Hubei Daily, December 26, 2013.
[^ 28]: Wang Chong's "On Heng", Art China, 1947 / p. 378.
[^ 31]: Luo Zhenyu "[Should we antitrust? ] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNjc1NTQ3OTQ0.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=97bfa6bd86c27e0f2cfaebb31790c2769) ", Luo Ji thinking / episode 205.
[^ 32]: CICC Online Caimi video "[Didi Chuxing is still burning money: net loss in the first half of the year exceeded 4 billion yuan!] (Http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzgyMDkwMzk4MA==.html? sharekey = 252ae032466e937fefb9442f83d53b836) ", Youku video.
[^ 33]: "[" Development is the last word "] (http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0123/c410539-29043799-2.html)" People ’s Network to Guangan Online, 2017 January 23,
[^ 34]: Gao Xiaosong, "[Catch Canada: The White House Falls] (http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rr9jf7no.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=538221800&tvid=type&type=27&type==&&v2==&& = 1 & isrd = 1 & p1 = 2_22_700 & social_platform = link) ”, Xiaosong Qi Tan / September 16, 2016 / [37:49] (https://m.pingshu365.com/pm/406148.html).
[^ 60]: Gao Xiaosong [[Take a Trip to Israel: After Communism is Realized] (http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rrl6f304.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=438895000&tvid=438895000&cid=31&1==889 1 & vip_pc = 2 & vip_tpc = 1 & isrd = 1 & p1 = 2_22_700 & social_platform = link) ", Xiaosong Qi Tan / January 7, 2016 / [28:36] (https://m.pingshu365.com/pm/392546.html).
[^ 61]: "[Snacking Nordic: Andersen and the Vikings] (http://m.iqiyi.com/v_19rrmeiufg.html?key=59e36a5e70e4c4efc6fcbc4db7ea59c1&msrc=3_31_56&aid=515090400&tvid=515090400&cid=31&identity=31&identity=31&identity=31&idv = 2 & vip_tpc = 1 & isrd = 1 & p1 = 2_22_700 & social_platform = link) ", Xiao Song Qi Tan / July 29, 2016 / [25:53] (https://m.pingshu365.com/pm/400519.html).
[^ 62]: Luo Zhenyu "[He really saved the United States? ] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzQ4OTQxMDQ4.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=3f7bbfea72740d2297c8a7c9abb75d624) ", Luo Ji thinking / 83.
[^ 63]: Zhang Taiyan's "Answer".
John Stewart Mueller, translated Yan Fu's "On the Self-Boundary of the Group" / first chapter.
[^ 64]: The old history tears "[Government House to intervene in the economy? ] (http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzM4OTEyNTYyMA==.html?sharekey=9429cd6891297a97fb58608d997420a47) ", I rely on the Han Dynasty / first season, Youku video.
[^ 65]: Luo Zhenyu, "[Re-understand the market] (https://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTczMzk5OTAwMA==.html?x&sharefrom=android&sharekey=2f7d14fa8fc9b922189244207c6b52b49)", Luo Ji thinking / 188/6/6: 50.